Browsing by Author "Kashaigili, J. J."

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Analysis of climate variability, perceptions and coping strategies of Tanzanian coastal forest dependent communities
Kashaigili, J. J.; Levira, P.; Liwenga, E.; Mdemu, M. V.
Analysis of climate variability, perceptions and coping strategies of Tanzanian coastal forest dependent communities
(2013) Kashaigili, J. J.; Levira, P.; Liwenga, E.; Mdemu, M. V.
Climate variability and change are among the biggest challenges of the 21st century. Like in many other areas globally, the coastal communities of Tanzania have always been facing climatic variability at various time scales. Using focus group discussion and a household survey, this study analyzes the perceptions of climate variability and change and the strategies for coping and adaptation by the selected coastal rural and peri-urban communities in Tanzania. The perception of climate variability and change is complemented with the time-series analysis of rainfall and temperature data from Julius Nyerere International Airport Met. station and Kisarawe using Instant Statistical Software. Results indicate that households are aware of climate variability and identify indicators of climate change and variability as being decreasing rainfall trends, increasing incidences of droughts, unpredictable rainfall patterns, disappearance of wetlands and failure to predict on-set of rainy season using traditional knowledge. Households primarily attribute reduced crop yields to changes in rainfall pattern and increasing incidences of drought leading to soil moisture stress. The implications are that the agriculture dependent households are now food insecure. As a way of coping to the observed changes, the coastal communities among others have shifted to production of high value horticultural crops and use of forest resources. Nevertheless, the increased use of forest resources is threatening the existence of coastal forests and contributes to the decline of forest resources and disappearance of wildlife in the forest reserves. It is concluded that the communities studied are aware of climate issues as revealed from perceived indicators of climate variability and changes. The results from statistical analysis of 30 years climatic data are consistent with community’s perception of climate variability and change. The study recommends examining the present coping strategies for the sustainability of the coastal forests and in designing of alternative adaptive strategies such as alternative energy options, crop diversification and environmental friendly activities such as beekeeping.
Analysis of Land-Cover Changes and Anthropogenic Activities in Itigi Thicket, Tanzania
(Scientific Research Publishing) Makero, J. S.; Kashaigili, J. J.
Analysis of Land-Cover Changes and Anthropogenic Activities in Itigi Thicket, Tanzania
(Scientific Research Publishing, 2016-12-01) Makero, J. S.; Kashaigili, J. J.
Assessing land cover changes from the 1991 to 2011 for Itigi thicket is imperative for determining changes between land cover types and understanding anthropogenic impact during this period. Remote sensing (RS) data, Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques and forest inventory data were used. ILWIS 3.3 Academic software was used to analyze the satellite imageries to determine the land use, land cover change; while data on anthropogenic activities were analysed in MS Excel software. The results showed that between 1991/2000 and 2000/2011, the areas of thicket declined by 6.23% while non-thicket areas increased by 3.92%. The decline in thicket areas was attributed to increase in anthropogenic activities such as wood extraction, clearing for agriculture, livestock grazing and fires. The study highlights the importance of integrating remote sensing and forest inventory in understanding the thicket resources dynamics and generating information that could be used to overcome the Itigi thicket problems for the sustainability of this unique vegetation
Assessing the Hydrology of a Data-Scarce Tropical Watershed Using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool: Case of the Little Ruaha River Watershed in Iringa, Tanzania
(Scientific Research Publishing) Mbungu, W. M.; Kashaigili, J. J.
Assessing the Hydrology of a Data-Scarce Tropical Watershed Using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool: Case of the Little Ruaha River Watershed in Iringa, Tanzania
(Scientific Research Publishing, 2017-07) Mbungu, W. M.; Kashaigili, J. J.
The hydrology of the Little Ruaha River which is a major catchment of the Ihemi Cluster in the Southern Agricultural Growth Corridor of Tanzania (SAGCOT) has been studied. The study focused on the hydrological assessment through analysis of the available data and developing a model that could be used for assessing impacts of environmental change. Pressures on land and water resources in the watershed are increasing mainly as a result of human activities, and understanding the hydrological regime is deemed necessary. In this study, modeling was conducted using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) in which meteorological and streamflow data were used in the simulation, calibration and evaluation. Calibration and evaluation was done at three gauging stations and the results were deemed plausible with NSE ranging between 0.64 and 0.80 for the two stages. The simulated flows were used for gap filling the missing data and generation of complete daily time series of streamflow at three gauging stations of Makalala, Ihimbu and Mawande. Results of statistical trends and flow duration curves, revealed decline in magnitudes of seasonal and annual flows indicating that streamflows are changing with time and may have implications on envisioned development and the water dependent ecosystems.
Assessment of groundwater availability and its current and potential use and impacts in Tanzania
(IWMI) Kashaigili, J. J.
Barriers to and opportunities for improving productivity and profitability of the Kiwere and Magozi irrigation schemes in Tanzania
(Taylor and Francis Group) Mdemu, M. V.; Mziray, N.; Bjornlund, H.; Kashaigili, J. J.
Climate change and the water–energy–food nexus: insights from policy and practice in Tanzania
(Climate Policy) Pardoe, J.; Conway, D.; Namaganda, E.; Vincent, K.; Dougill, A. J.; Kashaigili, J. J.
Climate change and the water–energy–food nexus: insights from policy and practice in Tanzania
(Climate Policy, 2017-12-05) Pardoe, J.; Conway, D.; Namaganda, E.; Vincent, K.; Dougill, A. J.; Kashaigili, J. J.
The threat of climate change is emerging at a time of rapid growth for many economies in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Dominant narratives comprising ambitious development plans are common and often based around sectors with strong inter-dependencies that are highly exposed to climate variability. Using document analysis and key informant interviews, this article examines how climate change is addressed in policy, how it is being mainstreamed into water, energy and agriculture sector policies and the extent to which cross-sectoral linkages enable coordinated action. These questions are addressed through a case study of Tanzania, highlighting broader lessons for other developing countries, particularly those in SSA facing similar challenges. The article finds that, while the agriculture and water sectors are increasingly integrating climate change into policies and plans in Tanzania, practical coordination on adaptation remains relatively superficial. Publication of the Tanzania National Adaptation Plan of Action (NAPA) in 2007 marked a step change in the integration of climate change in sectoral policies and plans; however, it may have reinforced a sectoral approach to climate change. Examining the policies for coherence highlights overlaps and complementarities which lend themselves to a coordinated approach. Institutional constraints (particularly structures and resources) restrict opportunities for inter-sectoral action and thus collaboration is confined to ad hoc projects with mixed success to date. The results highlight the need for institutional frameworks that recognize and address these constraints to enable development goals to be pursued in a more sustainable and climate-resilient manner.
Distribution of heavy Metals in lake Muhazi, Rwanda
Nhapi, I.; Wali, U. B.; Usanzineza, D.; Kashaigili, J. J.; Banadda, N.; Kimwaga, R.
Distribution of heavy Metals in lake Muhazi, Rwanda
(2012) Nhapi, I.; Wali, U. B.; Usanzineza, D.; Kashaigili, J. J.; Banadda, N.; Kimwaga, R.
The pollution of lakes is mainly conceived in terms of nutrient levels and eutrophication with the consequent development of algal blooms and fish kills. However, heavy metals are increasingly becoming prominent especially for water bodies closer to urban and mining areas. This study focuses on heavy metal pollution in lakes using a case study of Lake Muhazi in Rwanda. The study characterized the horizontal and vertical distribution of heavy metals in the Lake, with the research conducted from July to October 2007. The parameters studied are cadmium, chromium, copper, iron, lead, manganese, zinc, pH and temperature. The samples were collected at different depths in the Lake using a Van Dorn Bottle water sampler, and were analyzed using standard methods. The temperature and pH were measured in the field us- ing HACH field testing kits. The findings indicated that the mean concentration of Zn was 0.041±0.045 mg/L, Cd 0.026±0.029 mg/L, Pb 0.292±0.442 mg/L, Fe 0.756±0.734 mg/L, and Mn 0.340±0.336 mg/L. Chromium and copper were not detected in the water samples. The findings indicate that the concentrations of Cadmium, Iron and Lead far exceeded the recommended levels for aquatic life at all sampling points. The high levels of heavy metals are attributed to the ripar- ian landuse practices such as uncontrolled agriculture, urban runoff and mining activities around the Lake. It is recom- mended that a detailed study of the catchment be carried out to identify and isolate the main sources of heavy metals in the Lake so that appropriate control measures could be developed.
Dynamics of land use and land cover changes in the Pugu and Kazimzumbwi Forest Reserves
(Proceedings of the first Climate Change Impacts, Mitigation and Adaptation Programme Scientific Conference) Mdemu, M.; Kashaigili, J. J.; Lupala, J.; Levira, P.; Liwenga, E.; Nduganda, A.; Mwakapuja, F.
Efectiveness of groundwater governance structures and institutions in Tanzania
(Applied Water Science) Gudaga, J. L. ; Kabote, S. J. ; Mosha, D. B.; Tarimo, A. K. P. R.; Kashaigili, J. J.
Efectiveness of groundwater governance structures and institutions in Tanzania
(Applied Water Science, 2018-04-30) Gudaga, J. L. ; Kabote, S. J. ; Mosha, D. B.; Tarimo, A. K. P. R.; Kashaigili, J. J.
This paper examines efectiveness of groundwater governance structures and institutions in Mbarali District, Mbeya Region. The paper adopts exploratory sequential research design to collect quantitative and qualitative data. A random sample of 90 groundwater users with 50% women was involved in the survey. Descriptive statistics, Kruskal–Wallis H test and Mann– Whitney U test were used to compare the diferences in responses between groups, while qualitative data were subjected to content analysis. The results show that the Village Councils and Community Water Supply Organizations (COWSOs) were efective in governing groundwater. The results also show statistical signifcant diference on the overall extent of efectiveness of the Village Councils in governing groundwater between villages (P = 0.0001), yet there was no signifcant diference (P > 0.05) between male and female responses on the efectiveness of Village Councils, village water committees and COWSOs. The Mann–Whitney U test showed statistical signifcant diference between male and female responses on efectiveness of formal and informal institutions (P = 0.0001), such that informal institutions were efective relative to formal institutions. The Kruskal–Wallis H test also showed statistical signifcant diference (P ≤ 0.05) on the extent of efectiveness of formal institutions, norms and values between low, medium and high categories. The paper concludes that COWSOs were more efective in governing groundwater than other groundwater governance structures. Similarly, norms and values were more efective than formal institutions. The paper recommends sensitization and awareness creation on formal institutions so that they can infuence water users’ behaviour to govern groundwater
Effectiveness of groundwater governance structures and institutions in Tanzania
(Applied Water Science) Gudaga, J. L.; Kabote, S. J.; Tarimo, A. K. P. R.; Mosha, D. B.; Kashaigili, J. J.
Estimation of environmental flows in the Great Ruaha River Catchment, Tanzania: use of the desktop reserve model
(WATERNET/WARFSA/GWP-SA) Kashaigili, J. J.; Mccartney, M.; Mahoo, H. F.
Estimation of small reservoir sedimentation in semi-arid southern Zimbabwe
(Scientific Research Publishing Inc.) Chitata, T.; Mugabe, F. T.; Kashaigili, J. J.
Evaluation for the Performance of the CORDEX Regional Climate Models in Simulating Rainfall Characteristics over Mbarali River Catchment in the Rufiji Basin, Tanzania
(Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection) Mutayoba, E.; Kashaigili, J. J.
Evaluation for the Performance of the CORDEX Regional Climate Models in Simulating Rainfall Characteristics over Mbarali River Catchment in the Rufiji Basin, Tanzania
(Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection, 2017-04-30) Mutayoba, E.; Kashaigili, J. J.
This study aims to evaluate the performance of the individual Regional Climate Models (RCMs) used in Coordinated Regional Climate Downscaling Experiment (CORDEX) and the ensemble average of the four RCMs to feign the characteristics of the rainfall pattern for the Mbarali River catchment in Rufiji Basin for the period of 1979 to 2005. Statistical analysis for model performance such as Root mean square error, Mean error, Pearson correlation coefficient, Mean, Median, standard deviation and trend analysis are used. In addition to the statistical measure of model performance, the models are tested on their ability to capture the observed annual cycles and interannual variability of rainfall. Results indicated that the RCMs from the CORDEX indicated a better performance to reproduce the rainfall characteristics over Mbarali River catchment in Rufiji Basin. They reproduced fairly the Era Interim annual cycle and inter-annual variability of rainfall. The ensemble average performed better than individual models in representing rainfall over Mbarali River catchment in Rufiji Basin. These suggest that rainfall simulation from the ensemble average will be used for the assessment of the hydrological impact studies over Mbarali River catchment in Rufiji Basin.