Browsing by Author "Kayunze, Kim A."

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A comparative analysis on the quality of primary education in schools under public private partnership model in Kilimanjaro region, Tanzania
(THE IJHSS, 2018) Paul, Paulin; Kayunze, Kim A.
The Government of Tanzania started using the Public-Private-Partnership (PPP) model for provision of education services from the late 1970s, and in the mid of 1990s there was an increased participation of private partners in the provision of such services at all levels. Therefore, it was anticipated that the quality of education would have improved substantially in terms of teaching and learning (T/L) infrastructure, T/L materials and pupils’ academic performance in national examinations. However, the quality of primary education in schools under PPP is not scientifically known. Therefore, the research on which this paper is based, among other things, identified and PPP schools and private primary schools in Kilimanjaro Region as a case study in Tanzania. Data were collected by using a questionnaire which included an index summated scale, an FGD guide and a key informant interview guide. Observation method was also employed in collecting data. A total of 240 pupils and 60 teachers were selected. The results showed that public schools not under PPP had more insufficiency of school T/L infrastructure and T/L materials compared to their counterpart public schools under PPP and private schools, the highest quality being in private schools. Since school infrastructures and T/L materials were indicators of quality education, it is concluded that the quality of education in PPP schools was intermediate while the quality was the best and poorest in private and public schools respectively. It is also concluded that inadequate school infrastructure and T/L materials is associated with ineffective teaching and learning process for teachers and pupils in classroom hence poor quality of education. Also, schools with PPP interventions have a better chance of improving the quality of education compared to schools without PPP. It is recommended that the Education Department in Kilimanjaro Region should administer and put in practice an education policy that requires every pupil and every school to be sufficiently provided with required number of school T/L infrastructure and T/L materials. This will be possible if local authorities of the studied districts will team up and collaborate closely with private educational partners.
A socio-economic approach to one health policy research in Southern Africa
Lyamuya, Eligius; Rushton, Jonathan; Coker, Richard; Kock, Richard; Kayunze, Kim A.; Kiwara, Angwara D.; Kambarage, Dominic M.; Coker, Richard; Rweyemamu, Mark M.
A socio-economic approach to one health policy research in Southern Africa
(2012-06) Lyamuya, Eligius; Rushton, Jonathan; Coker, Richard; Kock, Richard; Kayunze, Kim A.; Kiwara, Angwara D.; Kambarage, Dominic M.; Coker, Richard; Rweyemamu, Mark M.
One-health approaches have started being applied to health systems in some countries in controlling infectious diseases in order to reduce the burden of disease in humans, livestock and wild animals collaboratively. However, one wonders whether the problem of lingering and emerging zoonoses is more affected by health policies, low application of one-health approaches, or other factors. As part of efforts to answer this question, the Southern African Centre for Infectious Disease Surveillance (SACIDS) smart partnership of human health, animal health and socio-economic experts published, in April 2011, a conceptual framework to support One Health research for policy on emerging zoonoses. The main objective of this paper was to identify which factors really affect the burden of disease and how the burden could affect socio-economic well-being. Amongst other issues, the review of literature shows that the occurrence of infectious diseases in humans and animals is driven by many factors, the most important ones being the causative agents (viruses, bacteria, parasites, etc.) and the mediator conditions (social, cultural, economic or climatic) which facilitate the infection to occur and hold. Literature also shows that in many countries there is little collaboration between medical and veterinary services despite the shared underlying science and the increasing infectious disease threat. In view of these findings, a research to inform health policy must walk on two legs: a natural sciences leg and a social sciences one
Asset capitalisation and firm performance: a comparative study of self-employed vocational and non-vocational graduates in Arusha and Dar es salaam, Tanzania
(JCBS, 2020) Mwakilema, Nicodemus S.; Kayunze, Kim A.
Despite the importance of assets capitalisation, studies show doubts whether such capitalisation contributes to business performance. This paper thus, determines the performance of businesses owned by Vocational and non-Vocational graduates, compares performance in terms of revenue and net worth, and determines the assets capitalization effect on revenue. The study adopted a descriptive cross-sectional survey design and the sample size was 384 respondents. Descriptive statistics, independent samples t-test and multiple linear regression were used to analyse data. With descriptive statistics, results indicated that Vocational graduates' performance was numerically higher than non-Vocational graduates. However, independent samples t-test results indicated F (382) = 0.579, p = 0.563 and F (382) = 0.801, p = 0.422 for revenue and net worth respectively, indicating insignificant difference in performance between the groups. The results deviate from the Human Capital Theory, probably due to the facts that vocational graduates in the country are said to be partially trained as compared with developed nations. Multiple linear regression results indicate that property, plant and equipment (β = 0.500, p = 0.000), total business' assets (β = 0.090, p = 0.046), years’ experience in business (β = 0.379, p = 0.000) and education level of business owner (β = -0.065, p = 0.025) had a significant influence on revenue. These findings help to conclude that there is no significant difference in performance between Vocational and non-Vocational graduates. However, both groups were able to utilize assets and their experience in business to generate more revenue, thus a need to extend the Human Capital Theory to include tangible capital to fit the new context is inevitable. Therefore, it is recommended that experience in business and investment in assets should be given priority by policy makers and self-employed.
Contribution of round potato production to household income in Mbeya and Makete districts, Tanzania
(Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare) Mende, Dorah H.; Kayunze, Kim A.; Mwatawala, Maulid W.
Entitlement to food security approach explaining food security in the Southern Highlands of Tanzania more than other theories
(Asian Economic and Social Society) Mende, Dorah H.; Mwatawala, Maulid W.; Kayunze, Kim A.
Entitlement to food security approach explaining food security in the Southern Highlands of Tanzania more than other theories
(Asian Economic and Social Society, 2015) Mende, Dorah H.; Mwatawala, Maulid W.; Kayunze, Kim A.
Data for this paper were collected in Mbeya and Makete Districts, Tanzania, in 2012 from 233 households with the specific objectives to determine proportions of food secure and food insecure households; rank some indicators of entitlements and those of Malthusians, Anti-Malthusians and Woldemeskel‟s contentions with regard to their relationship with food security; and determine the impact of the above indicators on dietary energy consumed per adult equivalent per day, which was the dependent variable. The independent variables were household size, number of agricultural technologies used, number of cattle owned, income from non-agricultural activities, monetary values of household assets, farmer group membership, years of schooling of household head and kilograms of fertilizer used. The dependent variable was regressed on the eight independent variables to find the impact of each of them on it. Entitlement to food security in terms numbers of cattle owned, farmers‟ group membership and non-agricultural activities were found to be more important factors enhancing food security. Addressing these factors could improve food security in the study area. It is recommended that the government and policy makers should support farmers in other income generating activities besides agriculture to increase their purchasing power for higher
Food security incidences based on monetary and caloric poverty lines in Mbeya and Makete Districts, Tanzania
(IISTE - Developing Country Studies) Mende, Dorah H.; Kayunze, Kim A.; Mwatawala, Maulid W.
Gendered determinants of vulnerability to food insecurity in Chamwino District, Tanzania
(Tanzania Journal of Development Studies, 2021) Assenga, Emiliana A.; Kayunze, Kim A.
Chamwino District is vulnerable to food insecurity, but the extent of such vulnerability differs with household headship. However, gendered determinants of vulnerability to food insecurity remain to be explored. This paper is based on a study which was conducted in Chamwino District using a cross-sectional research design involving 400 households. Using multiple linear regression, amount of food stored and reducing meal size significantly influenced (p < 0.05) FHHs’ vulnerability to food insecurity, while amount of food stored, total annual income per adult equivalent, distance to the nearest market place, reducing size of the meal and income generating activities significantly influenced (p < 0.05) MHHs’ vulnerability to food insecurity. The findings suggest that factors which determine vulnerability to food insecurity vary across gender. Therefore, interventions to reduce vulnerability to food insecurity in Chamwino District should focus on gender issues and markets within reach of farm households, among other things. Radical transformation of rural areas in order to create off-farm employments is recommended, and use of food storage structures in rural areas would help reduce vulnerability to food insecurity.
Illness and food security in Rufiji district, Tanzania
(IISTE, 2013) Kayunze, Kim A.; Mwageni, Eleuther A.
A socio-economic economic survey was conducted among 225 households comprising comp rising 1,193 individuals in Rufiji District, Tanzania, in 2006 to: (a) ) determine the number of people who were ill; (b) find the commonest illnesses; and (c) compare food security in households where members were ill for fewer days and where they were ill for more days. days It was found that 13% of the individuals were ill during the survey and that the top ten i illnesses were malaria (29.9%), joints/body pains (19.5%), fever (9.1%), chest/TB (5.8%), headache (5.8%), stomach ache (4.5%), asthma (3.3%), eyes (3.3%), UTI/STI (2.6%), and diarrhoea (2.0%). Multiple one one-way way ANOVA comparisons of mean differences in dietary ry energy consumed (DEC) in five groups of the households based on the number of days that the individuals were ill showed significant difference between the fourth and the fifth groups (p = 0.021). It is concluded that with few days of household members being b eing ill food security in terms of DEC is affected little, but that with more days of illness, food security is substantially affected. Therefore, if health services are not improved in rural areas, particularly in Rufiji District, the problem of low food production leading to food insecurity will linger on. It is recommended that the Government and other stakeholders should scale-up scale up health interventions in rural areas, among other strategies, in n order to improve food security.
Impact of round Potato production on household food security in the Southern Highlands of Tanzania
(Food Science and Quality Management) Mende, Dorah H.; Kayunze, Kim A.; Mwatawala, Maulid W.
Influence of ethics on financial performance in Tanzanian local government authorities
(Research journali, 2018) Kayunze, Kim A.; Tetti, Martin B.
Financial misconducts in Tanzania Local Government Authorities (hereafter named LGAs) have been recurring for years despite efforts taken to offset them. In this paper level of financial performance in Tanzanian LGAs and influence of ethics on financial performance in Tanzanian LGAs are reported on. A questionnaire, focus group discussions and key informant interviews were used in data collection. The study involved 400 LGA employees, 12 focus group discussions and 12 key informant interviews. Data were analyzed by using the SPSS software programme. Descriptive statistical analysis was used to determine level of financial performance in Tanzanian LGAs. Ordinal Logistic Regression analysed influence of ethics on financial performance in Tanzanian LGAs. While descriptive statistics analysis revealed moderate level of financial performance in Tanzanian LGAs, ordinal logistic regression analysis revealed significant influence of accountability, transparency and conflict of interest on financial performance at the 0.05 level of significance. LGA employees are urged to regularly attend ethics trainings sessions. Since ethics has significant effect on financial performance, it is important that the public service employees take a proactive measure by considering these variables seriously in their operations. The Tanzania Public Service College that is mandated to train public servants should design, train and monitor ethical practices in the public sector of Tanzania.
Practice of one health approaches: bridges and barriers in Tanzania
(AOSIS, 2014) Kayunze, Kim A.; Kiwara, Angwara; Lyamuya, Eligius; Kambarage, Dominic M.; Rushton, Jonathan; Coker, Richard; Kock, Richard
The practice of One Health approaches in human and animal health programmes is influenced by type and scope of bridges for and barriers to partnerships. It was thus essential to evaluate the nature and scope of collaborative arrangements among human, animal and wildlife health experts in dealing with health challenges which demand intersectoral partnership. The nature of collaborative arrangement was assessed, and the respective bridges and barriers over a period of 12 months (July 2011 – June 2012) were identified. The specific objectives were to: (1) determine the proportions of health experts who had collaborated with other experts of disciplines different from theirs, (2) rank the general bridges for and barriers to collaboration according to the views of the health experts, and (3) find the actual bridges for and barriers to collaboration among the health experts interviewed. It was found that 27.0% of animal health officers interviewed had collaborated with medical officers while 12.4% of medical officers interviewed had collaborated with animal health experts. Only 6.7% of the wildlife officers had collaborated with animal health experts. The main bridges for collaboration were instruction by upper level leaders, zoonotic diseases of serious impact and availability of funding. The main barriers to collaboration were lack of knowledge about animal or human health issues, lack of networks for collaboration and lack of plans to collaborate. This situation calls for the need to curb barriers in order to enhance intersectoral collaboration for more effective management of risks attributable to infectious diseases of humans and animals.
Public-private-partnership stakeholders’ alignment in health system and universal health coverage attainment progress in Kilimanjaro region, Tanzania
(College of Social Sciences and Humanities, 2022-09-09) Kimario, Kanti A.; Muhanga, Mikidadi I.; Kayunze, Kim A.
Public-Private-Partnerships (PPPs) have gained prominence in Tanzania and other low-and-middle-income countries (LMICs) since the 1990s. PPPs have emerged as an alternative approach to the provision of public goods including healthcare services to improve the progress toward attaining Universal Health Coverage (UHC). The reviewed body of literature has mostly dwelt on the benefits and challenges of PPPs in health services provision in different contexts from within and outside Tanzania. The contracted PPPs for healthcare providers are expected to align their objectives with those stipulated in the service agreement for better healthcare delivery. Thus, it was important to determine the extent to which PPP stakeholders’ alignment with services agreement can be attributed to the progress toward UHC attainment in the Kilimanjaro region. This article (i) examined PPP stakeholders’ adherence to key objectives as specified in the service agreement and (ii) determined the relationship between PPP alignment in the health system and progress towards UHC attainment. A case study research design was used involving a sample size of 40 respondents. Multi-stage sampling was employed to obtain the respondents for a structured questionnaire. Descriptive analysis (summated scales expressed in percentages) for objective one was done. Partial least square-structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) was employed for the second study objective. Results revealed that PPP adherence to key objectives as specified in the service agreement was perceived to be high as per the respondents' rating from Likert items. Results for PLS-SEM indicated, R2 = 0.717 for UHC implying that 71.7% of the variance in UHC attainment was attributed to PPP stakeholders’ alignment with a service agreement in the health system. Factors including quality monitoring and control standards (β = 0.308, p < 0.05) and time span for contract implementation (β = 0.333, p < 0.05), had statistically significant effect on the progress towards UHC attainment. Besides, variables for PPP alignment with service agreement were positively related to the progress towards UHC attainment. Effective PPP alignment to the health system goes hand in hand with PPP partners’ adherence to the key objectives as specified in the service agreement. It is recommended that the LGAs and the Ministry of health should promote formal PPP collaborations through service agreements.
Relationships between National Code of Ethics and conduct for public service and financial ethical values in Tanzanian local government authorities
(ijsrp, 2018) Tetti, Martin B.; Kayunze, Kim A.
The government of the United Republic of Tanzania has issued the national code of ethics and conduct for public service to help public servants, among other things to use well public resources. Contrarily, some employees in Tanzanian Local Government Authorities are misusing public resources. This paper analyses views on position of financial ethical values in Tanzania local government authorities as well as determine correlation between adherence to the national code of ethics and conduct for public service and financial ethical values. A sample of 400 respondents was selected randomly using a table of random numbers. The study applied descriptive statistical data analysis to determine position of financial ethical values in Tanzania local government authorities. Besides, inferential analysis was done using Pearson’s correlation to measure the strength of relationship between the dependent variable (code of ethics and conduct for public service) and independent variables (financial ethical values). The indicators of the independent and dependent variables were measured at the ratio level in terms of points scored on statements, which were used to measure them. Based on research findings it is concluded that although there is positive and significant relationships between code of ethics and conduct for public service and financial ethical values, the national code of ethics and conduct for public service alone is ineffective in nurturing financial ethical values of employees working at Tanzania local government authorities. Therefore, council administrators should put in place their own additional mechanisms of enforcing adherence to financial ethical values in their respective councils.
Socio-economic and demographic determinants of food security in Chamwino District, Tanzania
(TJPSD.UDSM, 2020) Assenga, Emiliana A.; Kayunze, Kim A.
The general causes of food insecurity in Tanzania include use of a low level of technology, dependency on rainfall and lack of proper inputs. While these factors are fairly well known, the socio-economic and demographic determinants of food security status in Chamwino District are not known empirically. In this paper: (1) socio-economic and demographic characteristics of surveyed households are analysed and (2) the impact of socio-economic and demographic characteristics on food security is determined. A cross-sectional research design was used to collect data from 400 households which were randomly selected. Based on multiple linear regression, four socio-economic and demographic variables (household size, land size cultivated, total annual household income per adult equivalent and age of household head) significantly (p < 0.05) positively influenced food security. It is concluded that socio- economic and demographic factors greatly affect food security in the study area and that addressing these factors could improve food security. It is recommended that public and private institutions should be more involved in addressing the food insecurity problem in Chamwino District by focusing on the demographic and socio-economic factors which reduce food security.