Browsing by Author "Lie, E."
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Item Assessment of farming practices and uses of agrochemicals in Lake Manyara basin, TanzaniaNonga, H. E.; Mdegela, R. H.; Lie, E.; Sandvik, M.; Skaare, J. J.Item Assessment of farming practices and uses of agrochemicals in Lake Manyara basin, Tanzania(2011-05-18) Nonga, H. E.; Mdegela, R. H.; Lie, E.; Sandvik, M.; Skaare, J. J.This study was conducted to assess farming practices, agrochemical usage and environmental pollution in Manyara basin, Tanzania. Field surveys, interviews, questionnaires and Lake Manyara nutrient analysis were used in data collection. The highest number (95%) of households grew crops, namely, maize, rice, banana and vegetables with median farm size of 3 ha. Irrigated farming was common (75%) which enhanced cultivation on same piece of land up to 6 times a year. Farmers indiscriminately used pesticides, namely, insecticides (50%), fungicides (37.5%) and herbicides (12.5%). Uses of endosulfan in vegetable farms poses public health threats to consumers. Most respondents (85%) applied insecticides in vegetables up to 4 times per cropping season. Excessive use of pesticides and haphazard disposal of pesticide remnants and containers caused environmental pollution. The average amount of acaricides used was 1109±915 ml (mean ± SD) per livestock keeper per month per. Most farmers (78%) used inorganic fertilizers and animal manure (43.4%). Low levels of ammonium (3.6±3.1 μg/L), nitrate (1±0.8μg/L) and phosphate (36.1±42 μg/L) were recorded in the lake. Easy access to agrochemicals, limited knowledge of pesticide on environmental health and limited extension services were factors for indiscriminate uses of agrochemicals. Increasing farmers awareness and training aimed at sustainable agriculture, agrochemical uses and integrated pest management is suggested.Item Association of long-term pesticide exposure and biologic parameters in female farm workers in Tanzania: A cross sectional study(Toxics) Manyilizu, W. B.; Mdegela, R. H.; Kazwala, R. R.; Nonga, H. E.; Müller, M. B.; Lie, E.; Skjerve, E.; Lyche, J. L.Item Association of long-term pesticide exposure and biologic parameters in female farm workers in Tanzania: A cross sectional study(Toxics, 2016-09-29) Manyilizu, W. B.; Mdegela, R. H.; Kazwala, R. R.; Nonga, H. E.; Müller, M. B.; Lie, E.; Skjerve, E.; Lyche, J. L.The study aimed to assess the association of long-term pesticide exposure (5 years) with hematological, serum biochemical parameters and acetylcholinesterase activity in farm workers. These pesticides included organophosphorus pesticides, carbamates, pyrethroids, dithiocarbamates, and other pesticides such as endosulfan. Applying a cross-sectional study design, 69 females from a pesticide-exposed farm population and 30 females from a district not using pesticides (reference group) were studied. The mean red cell corpuscular volume and hematocrit values were significantly lower (74.7 9.1 fl; 95% CI 72.5–76.9 and 32.0% 4.6%; 95% CI 30.9–33.1, respectively) in the exposed compared to the reference group, whereas mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration and platelets were significantly higher (37.4 3.8 g/dL; 95% CI 36.5–38.3 and 374.1 95.3/L; 95% CI 351.2–396.9, respectively) in the exposed compared to the reference group. Mean serum glutamic oxaloacetate transaminase (20.7 8.9 U/L; 95% CI 18.5–22.9) and creatinine (83.9 6.6 mol/L; 95% CI 82.3–85.5) were significantly higher in the exposed compared to the reference group. A higher mean esterase activity (AChE 0.6 0.2 mM/min/mg protein; 95% CI 0.56–0.7; BChE 0.9 0.4 mM/min/mg protein; 95% CI 0.9–1.1) was noted in the exposed group. Regression models suggest that occupational exposure (p < 0.001) could be a predictor of esterase (AChE and BChE) activity and biochemical changes (= 0.4, 95% CI: 0.3–0.5; = 0.7, 95% CI: 0.6–0.9, respectively). Long-term pesticide exposure affects the hemato-biochemical and esterase responses, establishing the need for further studies.Item Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in breast milk and associated health risks to nursing infants in Northern Tanzania(Elsevier) Müller, M. B.; Polder, A.; Brynildsrud, O. B.; Lie, E.; Løken, K. B.; Manyilizu, W. B.; Mdegela, R. H.; Mokiti, F.; Murtadha, M.; Nonga, H. E.; Skaare, J. U.; Lyche, J. L.Item Cyanobacteria and cyanobacterial toxins in the alkaline-saline Lakes Natron and Momela, Tanzania(African Journal Online) Nonga, H. E.; Mdegela, R. H.; Sandvik, M.; Lie, E.; Miles, C. O.; Skaare, J. U.Item Dioxins, PCBs, chlorinated pesticides and brominated flame retardants in free-range chicken eggs from peri-urban areas in Arusha, Tanzania: Levels and implications for human health(Elsevier) Polder, A.; Müller, M. B.; Brynildsrud, O.B.; de Boer, J.; Hamers, T.; Kamstra, J. H.; Lie, E.; Mdegela, R. H.; Moberg, H.; Nonga, H. E.; Sandvik, M.; Skaare, J. U.; Lyche, J. L.Item Levels and patterns of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) from four different lakes in Tanzania: Geographical differences and implications for human health(Elsevier) Lie, Elisabeth; Polder, A.; Müller, M. B.; Lyche, J. L.; Mdegela, R. H.; Nonga, H. E.; Mabiki, F.; Mbise, T. J.; Skaare, J. U.; Sandvik, M.; Skjerve, E.; Lie, E.Item Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in human breast milk and associated health risks to nursing infants in northern Tanzania(Elsevier) Müller, M. B.; Polder, A.; Brynildsrud, O. B.; Karimi, M.; Lie, E.; Manyilizu, W. B.; Mdegela, R. H.; Mokiti, F.; Murtadha, M.; Nonga, H. E.; Skaare, J. U.; Lyche, J. L.Item Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in human breast milk and associated health risks to nursing infants in northern Tanzania(Elsevier, 2017-01-25) Müller, M. B.; Polder, A.; Brynildsrud, O. B.; Karimi, M.; Lie, E.; Manyilizu, W. B.; Mdegela, R. H.; Mokiti, F.; Murtadha, M.; Nonga, H. E.; Skaare, J. U.; Lyche, J. L.This is the first study to report organochlorines (OCs), including chlorinated pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in human milk from Tanzania. The main aims of this study were to assess the level of contamination and the possible health risks related to OC exposure in nursing infants from the Northern parts of Tanzania. Ninety-five healthy mother-infant couples attending Mount Meru Regional Referral Hospital (MMRRH), Arusha, Tanzania, were assessed for associations between maternal/infant characteristics, i.e. mother's age, BMI, gestational weight gain, occupation, residence and fetal growth parameters and breast milk levels of OCPs, such as dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and its metabolites, dieldrin and PCBs. p,p′-DDE and p,p′-DDT were detected in 100% and 75% of the breast milk samples, respectively, and ranged between 24 and 2400 ng/g lipid weight (lw) and < LOD and 133 ng/g lw, respectively. Dieldrin was detected in 66% of the samples in levels up to 937 ng/g lw. Σ7PCBs ranged between < LOD and 157 ng/g lw. Other OCPs were detected in low levels. For assessment of health risks, the Hazard Quotient (HQ) was calculated by comparing estimated daily intakes of OCPs and PCBs with health based guidance values. The estimated daily intake (ng/kg body weight/day) of ΣDDTs, dieldrin and nondioxin-like PCBs (Σ6PCBs) exceeded the provisional tolerable daily intake (PTDI) in two, six and forty-eight of the nursing infants, respectively, suggesting potential health risks. In addition, head circumference were negatively associated with p,p´-DDE in female infants, suggesting that OC exposure during pregnancy may influence fetal growth.Item Prenatal exposure to persistent organic pollutants in Northern Tanzania and their distribution between breast milk, maternal blood, placenta and cord blood.(Elsevier) Müller, M.H.B; Polder, A.; Brynildsrud, O.B.; Grønnestad, R.; Karimi, M.; Lie, E.; Manyilizu, W.B; Mdegela, R.H.; Mokiti, F.; Murtadha, M.; Nonga, H.E.; Skaare, J.U.; Solhaug, A.; Lyche, J.L.Item Self-reported symptoms and pesticide use among farm workers in Arusha, northern Tanzania: A cross sectional study(Toxics) Manyilizu, W. B.; Mdegela, R. H.; Helleve, A.; Skjerve, E.; Kazwala, R. R.; Nonga, H. E.; Müller, M. B.; Lie, E.; Lyche, J. L.Item Socio-economic values of wetland resources around lake Manyara, Tanzania: assessment of environmental threats and local community awareness on environmental degradation and their effects(Journal of Wetlands Ecology) Nonga, H. E.; Mdegela, R. H.; Lie, E.; Sandvik, M.; Skaare, J. U.