Browsing by Author "Makonda, F. B. S."

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Attitude,adoption and economic potentials of Agroforestry in Kilosa District Tanzania
Luumi, F.; Mombo, F.; Senkondo, M.; Makonda, F. B. S.
Attitude,adoption and economic potentials of Agroforestry in Kilosa District Tanzania
(2016-03-25) Luumi, F.; Mombo, F.; Senkondo, M.; Makonda, F. B. S.
The paper aimed at describing the existing agroforestry systems and technologies, examining the level of attitudes towards agroforestry, identifying socio factors influencing agroforestry adoption and estimating costs and benefits of agroforestry in Kilosa District. Information and data on agroforestry was obtained by interviewing a random sample of 120 households based upon questionnaire. Results revealed that agroforestry systems practiced were agrosilvopastoral and agrosilvicultural arranged in mixed intercropping, boundary planting and homegardens. A substantial number of respondents had a positive attitude towards commercialization (90% resource conservation (89%) and attitude towards land productivity (82%). Farm labour force, farm size, attitude towards land productivity, commercialization and attitude towards land resource conservation significantly influenced adoption of agroforestry at P < 0.05. The selected agroforestry systems had positive Net Present Value per hectare and Benefit Cost Ratio was greater than one at discount rate of 10% meaning that the systems were economically viable. Internal Rate of Return was higher than the World Bank’s rate of 10% indicating the worth of investing in agroforestry. It is recommended that, the government and development agencies should provide education and training to farmers who are ignorant of the benefits of engaging in agroforestry f agroforestry disseminators should improve the benefits of agroforestry practice since high attitude towards agroforestry were due to the respondents’ perception that investment in agroforestry was associated with more benefits than costs. Increasing the efficiency of agroforestry through technology development, improving marketing systems and credits will improve the economic benefits from agroforestry
Balancing wood and non-wood products in Miombo Woodlands
Makonda, F. B. S.; Gillah, P. R.
Balancing wood and non-wood products in Miombo Woodlands
(2007) Makonda, F. B. S.; Gillah, P. R.
In most of the sub-Saharan countries including Tanzania, Mozambique, Malawi, Zimbabwe and Zambia, more than 80% of rural people are poor and traditionally rely on existing non-wood goods and services provided by miombo. These woodlands are among the most threatened of the tropical ecosystems. There is a need of investigating the importance of miombo ecosystem, their threats and the governments concerned to ensure sustainable and equitable use of these dwindling resources. This paper gives an overview of the roles played by miombo in the provision of both wood and non-wood products and how the utilization can be balanced for sustainability. It is evident that there has been limited research on miombo productivity and the impact of management on non-timber product supplies. This needs immediate attention in order to address the demand-supply situation. Also sustainable use of trees and shrubs is an integral part of balancing variable products and uses in miombo woodlands. Conservation of miombo while raising the living standard can be enhanced through controlled harvesting, improved domestication and utilization and commercialization of trees and their products.
Dependence on forest and its impacts on species composition and cover in Dindili forest reserve, Morogoro Tanzania
(Uongozi Journal of Management and Development Dynamics, 2012) Makonda, F. B. S.; Mayuma, C. K .; Mbilinyi, B.
The specific objectives of the study were to: identify forest human disturbance, identify forest products used for house construction by adjacent communities, assess stand density and diameter distribution and hence basal area and wood volume. Other objectives were to assess: species composition, regeneration and forest cover changes over time. Systematic sampling design involving post- stratification of the forest reserve into dry evergreen forest and miombo woodland was used in the inventory. Microsoft Excel spreadsheet software and, remote sensing and GIS technologies were used to analyze quantitative data for various forest parameters and forest cover respectively. Identified human disturbances included charcoal production, cultivation and logging especially in miombo woodland stratum evidenced by higher number of stumps, observed pit-sawing platforms and charcoal kilns. Results from forest inventory showed that in the woodland stratum of the study area, stocking levels were 365 ± 72 stems ha -1, 7.74 ± 1.82 m2 basal area and volume of 52.76 ± 14.48 m3 ha-1. In dry evergreen forest, values of 1256 ± 105 stems, 25.48 ± 2.34 m 2 basal area and volume of 200.75 ± 25 m3 ha -1 were observed. Values of Shannon-Wiener index of diversity (H’) of 3.05 and Index of Dominance (ID) value of 0.065 were observed in miombo woodland stratum. In dry evergreen forest stratum, values of 3.18 and 0.064 respectively were observed. It was also observed that the original closed forest cover of the study area declined by 14% between 1991 and 2000. The most tree species extracted included Afzelia quanzensis, Dalbergia melanoxylon, Julbernardia globiflora and Pterocarpus angolensis. Stocks of tree species such as Burkea africana and Milicia excelsa were depleted. It was concluded that Dindili Forest Reserve had been highly affected by forest dependence, reflected by the lower stocking levels, diversity indices and reduced forest cover. In order to subjugate the current scenario, special efforts are needed to promote regeneration of the over-exploited species and put in place sound management plans for Dindili Forest Reserve which encourage full participation of the communities around it.
Economic valuation of nontimber forest products under the changing climate in Kilombero district, Tanzania
(Hindawi Publishing Corporation) Balama, C.; Augustino, S.; Mwaiteleke, D.; Lusambo, L. P.; Makonda, F. B. S.
Effect of spacing on performance of teak at Longuza, Tanga, Tanzania
(Journal of Tropical Forest Science) Sibomana, G.; Makonda, F. B. S.; Malimbwi, R. E; Chamshama, S. A. O.; Iddi, S.
Effect of spacing on performance of teak at Longuza, Tanga, Tanzania
(Journal of Tropical Forest Science, 1994) Sibomana, G.; Makonda, F. B. S.; Malimbwi, R. E; Chamshama, S. A. O.; Iddi, S.
The performance of teak ( Tectona grandis ) planted at four square spacings ( 1 .5, 2.0, 2.5 and 3.0 m) at Longuza, Tanga, in Tanzania was assessed. The variables studied were diameter at breast height (dbh) , total height and height to the first live branch, survival, number of branches, basal area and volume production at ages 1, 3, 7 and 9 y, and basic density and some strength properties at the age of 1 4 y. Results showed that dbh, number of branches, total height, basal area, basic density and some strength properties were significantly affected by spacing (p = 0.05). The diameter at breast height and number of branches increased with increasing spacing, while basal area decreased. All other variables were not significantly affected by spacing. A spacing of 3.0 m resulted in large diameter trees and later thinnings, with less total volume per hectare. The current spacing of 2 m resulted in higher volume per hectare of small sized trees which could be improved by thinning. It is recommended to continue with this spacing and the current thinning schedule until information on the economic implications of alternative regimes is available.
Fuelwood consumption in brick making: A case of Morogoro Municipality, Tanzania
Magembe, K. S.; Makonda, F. B. S.; Masanja, M. M
Fuelwood consumption in brick making: A case of Morogoro Municipality, Tanzania
(2015-11) Magembe, K. S.; Makonda, F. B. S.; Masanja, M. M
The study aimed at determination of the annual fuel wood consumption caused by brick making activities in Morogoro municipality, Tanzania. The collected and analyzed data were based on field survey and quantitative measurements. Field survey based on interviews with group leaders dealing with brick making activities as the main focus was conducted. Data were collected from brick maker’s survey as well as from some relevant secondary sources. The study revealed that almost all brick makers in the municipal used fuelwood as the major energy sources. The average annual fuelwood consumption for brick making was 8,610 m3. In order to reduce heavy dependency of fuelwood in the area, use of alternative energy sources in brick making such as rice husks, maize cobs and baggasse are recommended. The study also recommends the establishment of woodlots in all wards, establishment of agro-forestry systems and intensive afforestation and reforestation programmes to be undertaken by the municipality for more sustainable fuelwood use. Keywords: Fuelwood, consumption, brick making, Tanzania
Medicinal plant parts and practices used by communities around the Miombo woodlands of Urumwa, Tanzania
Hall, J. B.; Makonda, F. B. S.; Ishengoma, R. C.
Medicinal plant parts and practices used by communities around the Miombo woodlands of Urumwa, Tanzania
(2014-04-17) Hall, J. B.; Makonda, F. B. S.; Ishengoma, R. C.
A study to document medicinal plants parts and practices in relation to sustainable use was performed in communities around the Miombo woodland of Urumwa in Tanzania. Data collection was based on semi-structured interviews and discussion with key stakeholders. G-tests were used to ascertain differences in medicinal plants practices between women and men. Roots were the commonly used parts for medicine followed by barks. In practice, boiling and grinding were the preferred methods for preparing remedies. Remedies are admistered orally in decoctions form with lack of standardized dosages. Medicinal plants are collected from the reserve using both root digging and bark stripping methods. Local communities need sensitization through trainings on various aspects of medicinal plants practices especially issues of sustainable harvesting methods, simple processing, domestication and the importance of standardized dosages so as to improve work performance, ensure resource sustainability and contribute to development of the primary health care system in Tanzania.
Medicinal resources of the Miombo woodlands of Urumwa, Tanzania: Plants and its uses
(Journal of Medicinal Plants Research) Augustino, S.; Hall, J. B.; Makonda, F. B. S.; Ishengoma, R. C.
Medicinal resources of the Miombo woodlands of Urumwa, Tanzania: Plants and its uses
(Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 2011) Augustino, S.; Hall, J. B.; Makonda, F. B. S.; Ishengoma, R. C.
A study was done to document different plants and their use for primary health care by communities around the Miombo woodland of Urumwa, Tanzania. Data collection was based on semi-structured interviews and discussion with key stakeholders. G-tests were carried out to seek differences in ethnobotanical knowledge between women and men. 110 plant species were documented to have 74 medicinal uses. Men were found to be ethnobotanically knowledgeable than women. The ethnobotanical knowledge of medicinal plant resources at Urumwa need to be recognized and preserved to ensure future effectiveness of the primary health care system. Due to the global interest in medicinal plants, there is a need to carry out phytochemical and pharmacological studies for most unstudied but potential documented species to validate usage, find new pharmaceuticals, increase confidence among users and contribute to the developlent of the traditional medicine sector in Tanzania and other areas in Africa within the Miombo ecoregion.
Potentials of lesser known and lesser utilized indigenous agroforestry timbers in Kilosa District, Morogoro Tanzania
(International Journal of Education and Research) Makonda, F. B. S.; Augustino, S.; Gillah, P. R.; Ishengoma, R. C.; Kitojo, D. H.; Ruffo, C.; Eriksen, S.; Msanga, H. P.
Timber properties of lesser known polyscias fulva (hiern) harms and allophylus abyssinicus hochst. radlk. from Iringa Tanzania
(Tanzania Journal of Forestry and Nature Conservation, 2008) Makonda, F. B. S.; Gillah, P. R.; Augustino, S.; Valentine, S.
Two lesser-known and lesser utilized timber species namely Polyscias fulva and Allophyllus abyssinicus from Iringa, Tanzania were studied to determine basic density and some strength properties. Three trees for each species were randomly selected, felled, test sampled prepared and properties tested according to standard methods. Data analysis was conducted employing Microsoft excel computer software where descriptive statistics were computed. Analysis of variation was done to establish relationships existing between density and strength properties. Variation in basic density between trees and t-test was carried out to compare wood properties of the two species. In addition, regression analysis was used to establish the existing relationship. Tests of strength properties on clear specimens showed that on average, the overall strength properties for Polyscias fulva and Allophyllus abyssinicus were comparable respectively to Pinus caribaea and Terminalia superba, the commercially utilized timber species in Tanzania. Further, with exception of compression parallel to grain, the two species were significantly different. There was statistically significant difference within species in basic density and strength properties with exception of modulus of rupture and cleavage strength for Polyscias fulva and work to maximum load, compression parallel to the grain and cleavage for Allophylus abyssinicus. Furthermore, there were direct relationships between basic density and strength properties for the two timber species. While Pinus patula can substitute Polyscias fulva, Terminalia superba can substitute Allophyllus abyssinicus in most of its applications. The two timber species can be used for light construction work, sporting goods and furniture making. Further work on the studied species is required on other strength as well as chemical properties and natural durability.
Vitex doniana sweet: A potential lesser-known and lesser utilized agro-forestry timber species in Kilosa District, Morogoro Tanzania
Makonda, F. B. S.; Kitojo, D, H.; Augustino, S.; Ruffo, C.; Ishengoma, R. C.; Gillah, P. R.; Eriksen, E.; Msanga, H. P.
Vitex doniana sweet: A potential lesser-known and lesser utilized agro-forestry timber species in Kilosa District, Morogoro Tanzania
(2016-01) Makonda, F. B. S.; Kitojo, D, H.; Augustino, S.; Ruffo, C.; Ishengoma, R. C.; Gillah, P. R.; Eriksen, E.; Msanga, H. P.
Tanzania is classified as among the 15 poorest nations in the world, with an estimated per capita income of less than US$ 190. Over 80 % of the country’s population of about 46 million lives in rural areas. Living in such a poor country, the people have few feasible alternatives to exploiting the forest resources resulting in high deforestation rate estimated at 2 % annually. Nevertheless, many timber species are still not known to users, resulting into over-exploitation of few well-known timber species. The timber stakeholders need alternatives and the national economies need better ways to derive value from the remaining forests in order to maintain their many useful but under-valued functions. One option is to optimize the production and utilization of lesser-known and lesser-utilized indigenous timber species which are potential for agro-forestry. One of such species is Vitex doniana Sweet which belongs to the family Lamiaceae. It is a deciduous tree with medium-growth rate and is widespread in tropical Africa. V. doniana is being threatened by habitat loss. This paper attempts to analyze some potentials of V. doniana as an agroforestry tree. The studied properties were: i) Physical – Tree dimension, form and quality, wood colour, texture, workability and basic density ii) Strength - Static bending, compression, shear and cleavage and iii) Anatomical - growth rings, vessels arrangement, density and size, gum deposits, parenchyma and ray tissue. The average physical properties are as follows: The sapwood is white while the heartwood is pale greyish-brown and basic density is 650 kg m-3. The strength properties are: Modulus of elasticity (11,100 N mm-2), Modulus of rapture (98.14 N mm-2), Work to maximum load before failure (0.131 mm N mm-3) and Total Work (0.239 mm N mm-3). The impact bending strength was 1.02 m, Hardness (4,580 N), Compression parallel to the grain (52.5 N mm-2), Shear parallel to the grain (15.6 N mm-2) and Cleavage (9.0 N mm-1). This species depicts well-marked growth rings and therefore ring-porous, meaning a course textured timber. The average strength properties are closely comparable to those of Tectona grandis (Teak). Also, Vitex doniana has other multiple benefits: bears edible fruits, suitable as ornamental tree and windbreak, shade and its leaves are useful as vegetable and as well as for soil improvement.