Browsing by Author "Mamiro, D. P."

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A gendered analysis of climate variability and change impacts and adaptations in semi arid area farming systems and natural resources management
(Climate Change Impacts, Adaptation and Mitigation (CCIAM) Programme, 2013) Ombol, C.; Urassa, J. K.; Mbwambo, J. J. S.; Mattee, A. Z.; Mamiro, D. P.; Kabotc, S. J.; Matata, L. M.; Synneag, G.
Climate change and climate variability is increasingly threatening the livelihoods of many Tanzanians especially those living in semi-arid rural areas. The most affected are those; with low incomes, less food, poor access to health services, unstable energy supplies, and living in fragile natural ecosystems. Generally, women and men contribute differently to climate change; likewise, they are affected differently and react differently to its impact. The overall objective of the study was to assess the impact of climate change on rural livelihoods' and how households in semi-arid areas of Tanzania adapt based on gender. The study was conducted in Iramba and Meatu Districts. The study adopted a Sustainable livelihood Approach (SLA) developed by DFID (1992) in the analysis of climate change impacts and households' adaptation. Data was collected using qualitative methods such as focus group discussions and key informant interviews, informal interviews and observations. Findings from the study show that, climate change impacts affect almost everybody in the studied communities; however, differences by gender exist. These findings thus suggest that adaptation to climate change impacts vary across genders due to differences in roles and responsibilities, power relations and access to and control over resources.
Assessment of awareness of mycotoxins infections in stored maize (Zea mays L.) and groundnut (arachis hypogea L.) in Kilosa District, Tanzania
Magembe, K. S.; Mwatawala, M. W.; Mamiro, D. P.; Chingonikaya, E. E.
Assessment of awareness of mycotoxins infections in stored maize (Zea mays L.) and groundnut (arachis hypogea L.) in Kilosa District, Tanzania
(2016) Magembe, K. S.; Mwatawala, M. W.; Mamiro, D. P.; Chingonikaya, E. E.
Background: Surveys were conducted to determine awareness of mould infection in maize and groundnut in Kilosa District, Eastern Central Tanzania, between August and October 2010. Four villages of Msingisi, Rudewa-Batini, Mamoyo and Mkalama were surveyed. We sampled maize from each household for mycotoxins contamination after nine months of storage. A questionnaire was administered to heads of 72 selected households in the study area. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to check factor dimensionality. The differences in mean total score of knowledge and awareness between the demographic and socio-economic factors were determined by t-test. Measurements of association were carried by Chi-square test (χ2), while ordinal logistic regression analysis was used to examine the correlations between social variables and awareness of mould infection. Results: We found high levels of fumonisins in maize that ranged from 70.46 to 213.15. Aflatoxin levels in groundnuts ranged from 72.97 to 195.17. Result showed that 97 % of respondents were not aware of mould infection in stored maize and groundnuts. The mean score of mould infections awareness of females (1.7273±0. 45055) was significantly higher than that of males (1.5714±13.7). Awareness of mould infection was high among educated (mean score 1.9231.3±0.31470) than the less educated people (mean score 1.8913±0.27175). Results revealed significant association between awareness of mould infection with age (p=0.006), education (p=0.039), marital status (p=0.012), gender (0.037) and income (p=0.044). Conclusion: Campaigns are needed to improve awareness of mould infection in Kilosa District, Tanzania.
Climate change and its variability on crop production in semiarid areas of Iramba and Meatu Districts, Tanzania
(African Developmen) Urassa, J. K.; Nombo, C. I.; Kabote, S. J.; Mamiro, D. P.; Mbwambo, J. S.; Mattee, A. Z.; Matata, L. M.; Synneåg, G.
Contribution of minerals from fresh kidney bean leaves and grains in meals consumed in East, South and Central Africa
(African Scholary Science Communications Trust) Mamiro, P. M.; Nyagaya, M.; Mamiro, D. P.; Jumbe, T.; Ntwenya, J.; Bundara, N.
Contribution of minerals from fresh kidney bean leaves and grains in meals consumed in East, South and Central Africa
(African Scholary Science Communications Trust, 2012-08) Mamiro, P. M.; Nyagaya, M.; Mamiro, D. P.; Jumbe, T.; Ntwenya, J.; Bundara, N.
Varieties of legumes are recognized as an important source of protein and dietary minerals by a number of ethnic groups in East, South and Central Africa. Among the legume that is preferred by most Africans are the bean varieties. Beans are consumed in many forms: the young leaves, green pods, and fresh bean grains are used as vegetables; dry bean grains are used in various food preparations, and both are used as relish or side dishes together with the staple food. Apart from alleviating food insecurity, the bean leaves, green bean pods and fresh bean grains are good sources of micronutrients especially iron and zinc. Thirty eight varieties of beans deemed to be rich in minerals iron and zinc collected from a number of locations in East and Central Africa were brought from University of Nairobi and multiplied at Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro. Bean leaves and fresh beans grains were picked for analysis after the plants reached three weeks and two months, respectively. Iron and zinc content was determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometer after ashing the samples. Analysis showed that leaves had significantly (P<0.05) more iron than the fresh bean grains. For bean leaves, Maharagi soja had the highest level of iron (1653.9 mg/100g) followed by Nain De Kiondo (1061.1 mg/100g). Similarly, Maharagi soja had the highest level of zinc (40.8 mg/100g), followed by Kiangara (40.5 mg/100g). Variety HRS 545 fresh bean grains, had the highest level of iron (1114.0 mg/100g) followed by Ituri Matata (983.4 mg/100g) while highest zinc content was found in HRS 545 (41.1 mg/100g) followed by RWR 10 (41.1 mg/100g). These levels of minerals are significantly higher than the average amount found in dry bean grains (Fe 5.6 – 8.0 mg/100g) and (Zn 1.7 - 2.0 mg/100g). Creating more awareness and encouraging the utilization of bean leaves and fresh bean grains will contribute in alleviating micronutrient deficiencies especially among the vulnerable groups such as children, pregnant and lactating women, and resource-poor families.
Distribution of wheat stem rust disease in the northern zone and southern highlands of Tanzania: Comparative epidemiology and implications for management
(AJOL) Aloyce, A.; Mamiro, D. P.
Distribution of wheat stem rust disease in the northern zone and southern highlands of Tanzania: Comparative epidemiology and implications for management
(AJOL, 2017) Aloyce, A.; Mamiro, D. P.
Surveys were conducted in farmers’ fields in the northern and southern highlands of Tanzania to determine the distribution of wheat stem rust disease caused by Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici and response of farmer selected wheat varieties to the disease under their natural habitat. Regions surveyed in the northern zone included Manyara, Arusha and Kilimanjaro, while in the southern highlands; the survey was carried out in Iringa, Njombe and Mbeya. Four quadrants from every corner of the surveyed field and one from the center, 1 m2 each were used to assess rust disease incidence (%) by counting the infected plants divided by total plants per quadrant times one hundred. Rust disease severity was assessed by using a 0-9 scale: 0=healthy plants, 1=1-10% stem area with rust pustules, 3=11-25% stem area with rust pustules, 5=26-50% stem area with rust pustules, 7=51-75% stem area with rust pustules, 9=>75% stem area with rust pustules. Both rust disease incidence and severity was log transformed before analysis of variance. A total of 17 wheat fields were found infected, 10 from the northern zone and 7 from the southern highlands. In the northern zone, 50% of the fields had disease incidence above 40% (P>0.05). In the southern highlands, varieties Sifa and Juhudi were tolerant with disease incidence of 10% in Mbeya and Njombe respectively. However, the disease incidence of 90% was recorded in Mbeya region on the same Juhudi variety. Generally, the mean disease incidence recorded were 33.5% and 35.7% from northern and southern highland zones respectively. Njombe with the same variety Juhudi had 10%, rust disease incidence, indicating presence of a variant of Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici with higher virulence. The best performing variety in Mbeya was found to be Sifa whose fields had an incidence of 10%. In the northern zone the disease incidence in Manyara, Kilimanjaro and Arusha ranged from 20-60 % with the susceptible variety Mbayuwayu being preferred by most farmers instead of the variety Ngamia grown in Manyara with incidence of 10% (P>0.05). The most tolerant or resistant varieties were Ngamia and Sifa grown in northern and southern highlands zones respectively. There was a distinct difference in disease severity between the two agro-ecological zones with more severity being observed in the northern zone. Disease severity was mostly proportional to disease incidence. The study revealed wheat stem rust potential hotspots, resistant varieties and provides background information for future research and development of management strategies of wheat stem rust disease.
Effect of sources and storage conditions on quality of sorghum seeds
Mamiro, D. P.; Clement, G.
Effect of sources and storage conditions on quality of sorghum seeds
(2014) Mamiro, D. P.; Clement, G.
A study was conducted in three agro-ecological zones of Tanzania to investigate sources, status, quality and storage conditions of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) seeds. Sorghum seed samples were collected from Kwimba (Lake zone), Chamwino (Central zone) and Kilosa (Eastern zone) districts. In surveyed districts 83.3 % of farmers were using farmer saved seeds while 16.7 % were using improved sorghum seeds. In surveyed areas, 85 % of seed samples were obtained from small scale farmers as farmer saved seeds, 1.7% from seed stockists and 13.3% from agriculture research institutions. Seeds were found stored in the households (86.7%) and in go-down in case of seeds stockists (13.3%). The laboratory purity analysis test results indicated that Kwimba had pure seeds of 94.4%, Chamwino 96.5% and Kilosa 99.0%. Inert matters; Kwimba 5.3%, Chamwino 1.8% and Kilosa 1.0%. The non-sorghum seeds observed were Kwimba 0.2%, Chamwino 1.8% and Kilosa 0%. The results were significantly different at P<0.001 from one agro-ecological zones to another. The germination test of sorghum seeds varied highly significantly (P<0.001) from Kwimba 74%, Chamwino 88% and Kilosa 85%. Seed-borne fungal species found in the samples from the study areas were Fusarium moniliforme, Bipolaris sorghicola, Curvularia lunata, Colletotrichum graminicola and Phoma sorghina. Samples collected from Eastern zone had the highest infection by fungi. Other pathogens Aspergillus flavus, A. niger, Penicillium spp., Claviceps spp. and Rhizopus spp. were found infecting seeds. Central agro-ecological zone is proposed to be better for sorghum seeds production for healthier seeds due to non-fungal infection observed in this study
Knowledge of vegetable insect pests, diseases and control measures in Morogoro and Iringa regions in Tanzania: a call for integrated pest management
(Academic Journals, 2021) Kabote, S. J.; Mamiro, D. P.; Maerere, A. P.; Sibuga, K. P.; Mtui, H. D.; Mgembe, E. R.; Erbaugh, M.; Cardina J.
This study investigates vegetable growers’ knowledge about insect pests, diseases and control methods. The study adopted cross-sectional research design, employing survey method and involving 400 randomly selected vegetable growers. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to summarize raw data. Colored cards of important pests coupled with field visits were used for pest identification. The results show that 87.1% of the tomato growers reported tomato leaf miner (Tuta absoluta) as one of the important insect pests. Cucurbit growers reported mainly cucumber beetle (Diabrotica undecimpunctata) and cucumber moth (Diaphania indica). Cabbage and onion growers reported cabbage aphids (Brevicoryne brassicae) and onion thrips (Thrips tabaci), respectively. Diseases reported were mainly early (Alternaria solani) and late (Phytophthora infestans) blights in tomato and onion respectively, purple blotch in onion, cucumber blight in cucurbits and cabbage blight in cabbages. Insect pest and diseases control was mainly through synthetic pesticides. Frequency of spray was highest in tomato and cucurbits followed by onion. However, the knowledge on tank mixing, record keeping and Integrated Pest Management was limited. It is critical to have a common understanding about insect pests, diseases and control methods that are environmental friendly. Therefore, farmers should be trained on different issues regarding vegetable production and safe use of pesticides. The key training areas should include tank mixing, pest identification and thresholds, and record keeping.
Local community’s knowledge on onion production, pests and pests management in Kilosa and Kilolo Districts, Tanzania
(Tanzania Journal of Agricultural Sciences) Mamiro, D. P.; Maerere, A. P.; Sibuga, K. P.; Ebaugh, M. J.; Miller, S. A; Mtui, H. D.; Mgembe, E.; Msuya-Bengesi, C. P.; Aloyce, A.
Local community’s knowledge on onion production, pests and pests management in Kilosa and Kilolo Districts, Tanzania
(Tanzania Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2014) Mamiro, D. P.; Maerere, A. P.; Sibuga, K. P.; Ebaugh, M. J.; Miller, S. A; Mtui, H. D.; Mgembe, E.; Msuya-Bengesi, C. P.; Aloyce, A.
To assess local community’s knowledge on onion production, pests and pests management a baseline survey was carried out in Kilosa and Kilolo Districts. The results indicated that more than 36% of onion producers were middle aged (34-49 years) and were literate at least with secondary education (80%). Onion production was the major source of livelihood to more than 80% of hundred onion farmers (40 females, 60 males) interviewed. Up to three onion crops per year from different fields were realized due to availability of means for irrigation mainly by flooding and the main production season was from March-July under monoculture or in the intercropping. Eighty four per cent of onion farmers own land and production was on small scale holders. Fifty per cent of small scale farmers produced onion on land size of 0.25-2.0 acres.Onion varieties grown were Red Bombay, Red Creole and Khaki with preference to Red Bombay (72%) for its high yield, marketability and bulb size while Khaki (21%) was chosen for its storability. Onion seed sources were from other farmers (40%) and were expensive, which means the cost for seeds were beyond a prospective farmer’s affordability. The most prevalent pests reported by interviewees were thrips (Thrips tabaci) (73%), weeds led by Mexican poppy (Argemone mexicana) (55%) and fungal diseases led by purple blotch (55%).Onion production was found to be the major source of livelihood to more than 80% of farmer respondents. The challenges observed were such as source of improved seeds, means to combat pests and lack of higher yielding varieties which can resist insect pests and diseases. The IPM package on management of the most prevalent pestsis required to reduce onion yield losses.
Management of tomato late blight disease using reduced fungicide spray regimes in Morogoro, Tanzania
Meya, A. I.; Mamiro, D. P.; Kusolwa, P.M.; Maerere, A. P.; Sibuga, K. P.; Erbaugh, M.; Miller, S. A.; Mtui, H. D.
Management of tomato late blight disease using reduced fungicide spray regimes in Morogoro, Tanzania
(Tanzania Journal of Agricultural Sciences) Meya, A. I.; Mamiro, D. P.; Kusolwa, P. M.; Maerere, A. P.; Sibuga, K. P.; Erbaugh, M.; Miller, S. A.; Mtui, H. D.
Management of tomato late blight disease using reduced fungicide spray regimes in Morogoro, Tanzania
(Tanzania Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2014) Meya, A. I.; Mamiro, D. P.; Kusolwa, P. M.; Maerere, A. P.; Sibuga, K. P.; Erbaugh, M.; Miller, S. A.; Mtui, H. D.
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) production in Tanzania is affected by late blight disease caused by Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary. Currently, farmers spray more than 12 per crop per season to control diseases by weekly spraying. Field experiments were conducted at Morogoro to evaluate the performance of three tomato varieties subjected to different fungicide chemistries and reduced fungicide spray intervals. The treatment factors were tomato varieties Meru, Cal-J and Tanya as main plots; fungicides Ivory 72 WP, Volar MZ 690 WP and Topsin-M 70 WP as sub plots; and reduced number (4, 6, 8 and no-spray) of sprays per crop at a spray intervals of 14-, 10-, 7-days respectively as sub-sub plots. Variety Meru showed low tomato late blight incidence (1.4%) and severity (1.0) (P≤0.001) followed by Tanya (81.2%, 4.0) and Cal-J (82.6%, 4.0) respectively. Results show that plots sprayed with Topsin M-70 WP had significantly (P≤0.001) higher disease incidence and severity (66.2%, 3) compared to Ivory 72 WP (42.5%, 2) and Volar MZ 690 WP (44.5%, 2). The no-spraying regime (control) had highly significant (P≤0.001) disease incidence and severity than other spray regimes. Although there was no significant (P≤0.05) difference among the spray regimes plots sprayed 8 times had lowest disease incidence and severity (47.9%, 2) while, unsprayed plots had highest disease incidence and severity (66.3%, 4) followed by plots sprayed 6 times and 4 times (53.9%, 2) and (52.1%, 2) respectively. There were significant differences (P<0.001)) in yield among three commercial tomato varieties. Cal-J variety produced higher number of fruits per plant (27), marketable fruits (26.5 t/ha) and total yield (28.9 t/ha) followed by Tanya with 21 fruits per plant, 19.3 t/ha marketable fruits and total yield of 21.3 t/ha. Meru produced 13 fruits per plant, 13.6 t/h marketable yield and total yield of 17.6 t/ha. Tomato varieties, fungicides and spray regimes demonstrated significant influence on late blight disease incidence and severity. Results reveal that, variety Meru was resistant to tomato late blight disease while, Cal-J and Tanya varieties were highly susceptible. However, Meru had lowest yield due to production of few number of fruits per plants. Fungicides Ivory 72 WP and Volar MZ 690 WP verified higher field efficacy against P. infestans. These two fungicides significantly reduced disease intensity to lowest level than Topsin-M 70 WP. Similarly, spray regimes significantly gave appreciable reduction of tomato late blight disease intensity and consequently increased fruits yield in susceptible varieties Cal-J and Tanya when compared to no spraying regime. It was evident that the number of fungicide sprays was reduced from more than 12 (current farmers practice) to 8, 6 and 4 at intervals of 7-, 10- and 14- days respectively
Management of tomato late blight disease using reduced fungicide spray regimes in Morogoro, Tanzania
(2014) Meya, A. I.; Mamiro, D. P.; Kusolwa, P.M.; Maerere, A. P.; Sibuga, K. P.; Erbaugh, M.; Miller, S. A.; Mtui, H. D.
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) production in Tanzania is affected by late blight disease caused by Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary. Currently, farmers spray more than 12 per crop per season to control diseases by weekly spraying. Field experiments were conducted at Morogoro to evaluate the performance of three tomato varieties subjected to different fungicide chemistries and reduced fungicide spray intervals. The treatment factors were tomato varieties Meru, Cal-J and Tanya as main plots; fungicides Ivory 72 WP, Volar MZ 690 WP and Topsin-M 70 WP as sub plots; and reduced number (4, 6, 8 and no-spray) of sprays per crop at a spray intervals of 14-, 10-, 7-days respectively as sub-sub plots. Variety Meru showed low tomato late blight incidence (1.4%) and severity (1.0) (P≤0.001) followed by Tanya (81.2%, 4.0) and Cal-J (82.6%, 4.0) respectively. Results show that plots sprayed with Topsin M-70 WP had significantly (P≤0.001) higher disease incidence and severity (66.2%, 3) compared to Ivory 72 WP (42.5%, 2) and Volar MZ 690 WP (44.5%, 2). The no-spraying regime (control) had highly significant (P≤0.001) disease incidence and severity than other spray regimes. Although there was no significant (P≤0.05) difference among the spray regimes plots sprayed 8 times had lowest disease incidence and severity (47.9%, 2) while, unsprayed plots had highest disease incidence and severity (66.3%, 4) followed by plots sprayed 6 times and 4 times (53.9%, 2) and (52.1%, 2) respectively. There were significant differences (P<0.001)) in yield among three commercial tomato varieties. Cal-J variety produced higher number of fruits per plant (27), marketable fruits (26.5 t/ha) and total yield (28.9 t/ha) followed by Tanya with 21 fruits per plant, 19.3 t/ha marketable fruits and total yield of 21.3 t/ha. Meru produced 13 fruits per plant, 13.6 t/h marketable yield and total yield of 17.6 t/ha. Tomato varieties, fungicides and spray regimes demonstrated significant influence on late blight disease incidence and severity. Results reveal that, variety Meru was resistant to tomato late blight disease while, Cal-J and Tanya varieties were highly susceptible. However, Meru had lowest yield due to production of few number of fruits per plants. Fungicides Ivory 72 WP and Volar MZ 690 WP verified higher field efficacy against P. infestans. These two fungicides significantly reduced disease intensity to lowest level than Topsin-M 70 WP. Similarly, spray regimes significantly gave appreciable reduction of tomato late blight disease intensity and consequently increased fruits yield in susceptible varieties Cal-J and Tanya when compared to no spraying regime. It was evident that the number of fungicide sprays was reduced from more than 12 (current farmers practice) to 8, 6 and 4 at intervals of 7-, 10- and 14- days respectively.
Non-composted and spent mushroom substrates for production of Agaricus Bisporus
(The Pennsylvania State University) Mamiro, D. P.
Non-composted and spent mushroom substrates for production of Agaricus Bisporus
(The Pennsylvania State University, 2006) Mamiro, D. P.
Commercial production of Agaricus bisporus is dependent upon a substrate prepared by composting. Traditional composting is associated with a number of environmental problems such as the emission of offensive odors and waste water run-off during handling. In addition, after the production of a crop of mushrooms, there is the problem of disposal of spent mushroom substrate (SMS). Thus, preparation of a suitable substrate for mushroom production without the generation of offensive odors and the possible re-use of SMS for the production of a second crop of mushrooms are desirable. The goals of this research were to evaluate two substrates for the production of A. bisporus: a) non-composted substrate (NCS) consisting of red oak sawdust (28%), millet (29%), rye (8%), peat (8%), ground alfalfa (4%), ground soybean meal (4%), wheat bran (9%) and CaCO3 (10%) and b) SMS. Treatments included 1) NCS and SMS alone and in combination, 2) spawn carriers, 3) strains, 4) supplements, 5) time of supplementation, and 6) substrate moisture content. The substrates were sterilized in very high porosity filter plastic bags and then spawned and incubated. Mushrooms were harvested for two flushes and yield, biological efficiency (BE) and mushroom size were determined. The highest yield and BE (27.2 kg/m2, 144.3%) were from 1:1 NCS/SMS spawned with casing inoculum (CI) and supplemented with 10% Target® at casing. The largest mushrooms were obtained from NCS spawned with CI and supplemented at spawning with 3,000 mg/kg Micromax® (57.3 g/mushroom). Mushrooms containing the highest solids content (9.9%) were harvested from NCS spawned with CI (60% moisture content). Supplementation of NCS/SMS with Micromax®, a commercial micronutrient, iv had no significant effect on yield and BE. However, the addition of 0.9% Micromax® (d.w.) to NCS significantly increased yield by 72% (from 8.5 kg/m2 to 14.6 kg/m2). This work shows the potential to produce relatively high yields on NCS or on mixtures of NCS/SMS and that a combination of supplements that contain protein, carbohydrate and micronutrients added at spawning or at casing resulted in improved mushroom yields.
Nutritional quality and utilization of local and improved cowpea varieties in some Regions in Tanzania
(African Journal of Food Agriculuture Nutrition and Development) Mamiro, P. S.; Mbwaga, A. M.; Mamiro, D. P.; Mwanri, A. W.; Kinabo, J. L.