Browsing by Author "Mamiro, Delphina P."

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Efficacy of selected plant extracts against Pyricularia Grisea, causal agent of rice blast disease
(American Journal of Plant Sciences) Hubert, Judith; Mabagala, Robert B.; Mamiro, Delphina P.
Oyster mushroom (Pleurotus spp.) cultivation technique using re-usable substrate containers and comparison of mineral contents with common leafy vegetables
(Journal of Applied Biosciences) Mamiro, Delphina P.; Mamiro, Peter S.; Mwatawala, Maulid W.
Performance of cotton cloth substrates in laboratory sorghum seeds germination tests
(Asian Journal of Plant Science and Research) Mamiro, Delphina P.; Clement, Gaspar H.; Msemwa, John I.; Swai, Matengia M.
Performance of cotton cloth substrates in laboratory sorghum seeds germination tests
(Asian Journal of Plant Science and Research, 2015) Mamiro, Delphina P.; Clement, Gaspar H.; Msemwa, John I.; Swai, Matengia M.
Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) seed germination tests were conducted at Tanzania Official Seed Certification Institute (TOSCI) laboratories, Morogoro, Tanzania. The aim of this study was to investigate the suitability of cotton cloth substrates in laboratory seed germination tests. Sorghum seed samples for this study were collected from three agro-ecological zones of Lake, Central and Eastern represented by Mwanza, Dodoma and Morogoro regions of Tanzania respectively. Cotton cloth substrates were used as treatments; single layer cotton cloth substrates (SLCCS), double layer cotton cloth substrates (DLCCS), and both single and double layer cotton cloth substrates washed and sterilized at 1210C for 15 minutes before re-use. ISTA paper was included as control. The germination results were 82.5%, 82.4%, 82.4%, 82.1% and 82.0% for DLCCS, ISTA paper, SLCCS, re-used DLCCS and re-used SLCCS, respectively. There was no significant (P<0.01) difference in all substrates used in this study. Therefore, cotton cloth substrates were found as suitable as International Seed Testing Association (ISTA) papers for conducting sorghum seed germination tests in the laboratory. Since cotton cloth substrates are locally manufactured they could replace ISTA papers which must be imported. Further work however, is required to standardize this cotton cloth substrate, prepare protocol or standard operating procedures before adopting them for TOSCI routine laboratory sorghum seed germination testing.
Pre- and postharvest factors affecting quality and safety of Pepper (Piper nigrum L.)
(CAB International) Shango, Abdul J.; Mkojera, Beatha T.; Majubwa, Ramadhani O.; Mamiro, Delphina P.; Maerere, Amon P.
Pre- and postharvest factors affecting quality and safety of Pepper (Piper nigrum L.)
(CAB International, 2021-03) Shango, Abdul J.; Mkojera, Beatha T.; Majubwa, Ramadhani O.; Mamiro, Delphina P.; Maerere, Amon P.
The quality and safety of pepper (Piper nigrum L.) are a function of crop management practices, harvest maturity, harvesting methods and subsequent handling after harvest, including storage conditions and processing methods. The review shows that volatile oil decreases with shade intensity (15–30%). Essential oil, oleoresin, piperine and monoterpenes (thujene, α-pinene, sabinene, limonene, α-phellandrene and linalool) increase with altitude, while β-caryophyllene and total phenol decrease with increase in altitude. Fermentation of ripe pepper fruits forms odorants (butanoic acid, 3-methylindole, and 4-methylphenol) attributing intense faecal/shed-like off-flavour white pepper powder. Low-drying temperature (≤56°C) and duration (≤3 hrs) lead to low bulk density (0.17 g/ml) and low moisture loss (31%). Excessive soaking of black peppercorns prior to mechanical decortication reduces volatile oil and increases moisture content and broken berries. Availability of heavy metals in grinding machines increases the level of heavy metals; Fe (69.8– 1147 mg/kg), Pb (21.3–947 μg/kg) and V (64.1–1072 μg/kg) in pepper powder. Storing peppercorns along with other materials enhances cross-contamination of heavy metals; Pb, Cd and Cr. High moisture content (>13%) and farmers’ unawareness resulted in high (2200 to >30000 cfu/g) mycotoxins contamination. Environmental and industrial pollutants such as plasticizers, bisphenol A, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and pesticides are also pepper contaminants of high merit. Radiofrequency pasteurization, vacuum-assisted steaming, ethylene oxide fumigation, atmospheric pressure plasma, dry heat sterilization, gamma-irradiation and ultraviolet-C light treatments are among strategies to enhance the quality and safety of pepper. More precautions also have to be taken to regulate the shade, drying temperature and duration, soaking duration, hygienic processing and storage in order to retain quality, minimize the risk of microbial or chemical contaminations and comply with standards.
Rain-fed farming system at a crossroads in Semi-Arid areas of Tanzania: what roles do climate variability and change play?
(IISTE) Kabote, Samwel J.; Mamiro, Delphina P.; Synnevåg, Gry; Urassa, Justin K.; Mattee, Amon Z.; Chingonika, Emanuel E.; Mbwambo, Jonathan S.; Nombo, Carolyne I.; Masolwa, Leah M.
Rain-fed farming system at a crossroads in Semi-Arid areas of Tanzania: what roles do climate variability and change play?
(IISTE, 2014) Kabote, Samwel J.; Mamiro, Delphina P.; Synnevåg, Gry; Urassa, Justin K.; Mattee, Amon Z.; Chingonika, Emanuel E.; Mbwambo, Jonathan S.; Nombo, Carolyne I.; Masolwa, Leah M.
Positive changes, like adopting drought resistant crop varieties, in the rain-fed farming system (RFFS) in response to climate variability and change enhance system’s ability to support people’s living as opposed to negative changes, like lack of pastures, which put the system at risk of failure in supporting the living. Using participatory rural appraisal (PRA) and household survey, this paper examined the roles of climate variability and change in triggering changes in RFFS. Specifically, the paper: (i) assessed dominant crop and livestock farming system; (ii) assessed the change element of crop and livestock production systems; and (iii) examined factors for the changes in RFFS. A random sample of 388 households was used. Qualitative data analysis was done through content analysis. Binary logistic regression was used to assess factors that explain changes on RFFS. The results showed that dominant crops were different in each village. Secondly, some changes in crop varieties and in livestock grazing arrangements were noted in response to climate variability and change. Unlike the hypothesis (P>0.05), the results demonstrated that warming (ß = -10.61, Wald = 36.26, P ≤ 0.001) showed highest significant impact on likelihood of adopting new crop varieties relative to other factors. Similarly, drought (ß = 2.16, Wald = 6.82, P ≤ 0.009) showed highest impact on the likelihood of changing a grazing place. Yet, the changes were constrained by factors like natural resources protective policies, failure of crop varieties to withstand warming and drought, and poor land use management. Therefore, the RFFS was at a crossroads with implications on system sustainability and livelihoods. The government and private interventions should support farmers and agro-pastoralists to manage risks related to the changes in RFFS in response to climate variability and change
Response of late blight disease resistant-variety to common occurring tomato diseases in the field
(Asian Journal of Plant Science and Research) Meya, Akida I.; Mamiro, Delphina P.; Kusolwa, Paul
Response of late blight disease resistant-variety to common occurring tomato diseases in the field
(Asian Journal of Plant Science and Research, 2015) Meya, Akida I.; Mamiro, Delphina P.; Kusolwa, Paul
A study to determine field performance of tomato late blight disease resistant-variety was conducted during long rain seasons of the years 2011/2012 and 2012/2013 at the Crop Museum of Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania. Treatments were laid out in a complete randomized block design with three replications. Three tomato varieties: Cal J, Meru and Tanya were planted. Significant differences in diseases incidence and severity were observed among tomato varieties whereby Cal J and Tanya were susceptible to tomato late blight and Septoria leaf spot while tomato variety Meru was resistant to the former two diseases. However, Meru was highly susceptible to tomato early blight disease than Cal J and Tanya. Results revealed that, the tested varieties were equally susceptible to Fusarium wilt and tomato yellow leaf curl diseases. The study suggests that less susceptible tomato variety Meru could be used to manage tomato late blight disease but susceptible to other diseases, therefore, a call to breed for multiple disease resistant varieties.
Yield, size, and mushroom solids content of Agaricus bisporus produced on non-composted substrate and spent mushroom compost
(World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology) Mamiro, Delphina P.; Royse, Daniel J.; Beelman, Robert B.
Yield, size, and mushroom solids content of Agaricus bisporus produced on non-composted substrate and spent mushroom compost
(World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 2007-11) Mamiro, Delphina P.; Royse, Daniel J.; Beelman, Robert B.
Three crops of Agaricus bisporus were grown on non-composted substrate (NCS), spent mushroom compost (SMC), a 50/50 mixture of NSC/SMC, or pasteurized Phase II compost. NCS consisted of oak sawdust (28% oven dry wt), millet (29%), rye (8%), peat (8%), ground alfalfa (4%), ground soybean (4%), wheat bran (9%) and CaCO3 (10%). Substrates were nonsupplemented or supplemented with Target (a commercial delayed release nutrient for mushroom culture) or soybean meal at spawning or casing, or with Micromax (a mixture of nine micronutrients) at spawning. Mushroom yield (27.2 kg/m2) was greatest on a 50/50 mixture of NCS/SMC supplemented with 10% (dry wt) Target at casing. The same substrate supplemented with Target at spawning yielded 20.1 kg/m2. By comparison, mushroom yield on Phase II compost supplemented at casing or at spawning with Target was 21.6 kg/m2 and 20.6 kg/m2, respectively. On NCS amended with 0.74% or 0.9% Micromax at spawning, yields increased by 51.8% (12.9 kg/m2) and 71.8% (14.6 kg/m2), respectively, over non-amended NCS (8.5 kg/m2). Conversely, mushroom yields were not affected when Micromax was added to a 50/50 mixture of NCS/SMC. Mushroom solids content was higher in mushrooms harvested from NCS amended with 0.74% Micromax (9.6%) compared to non-amended NCS (8.3%).