Browsing by Author "Nonga, H. E."

Now showing 1 - 20 of 92
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    A retrospective survey of hydatidosis in livestock in Arusha, Tanzania, based on abattoir data during 2005 - 2007
    (Tropical Animal Health and Production - Springer) Nonga, H. E.; Karimuribo, E. D.
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    A survey of gastrointestinal helminths in Baboons (Papio Cynocephalus) and warthogs (Phacochoerus africanus) at Saadani National Park, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
    (African Journal Online, 2014-06-26) Nonga, H. E.; Costantine, A.; Maulidi, Y.
    A cross-sectional study was conducted in August and September 2013 to establish the status of gastrointestinal helminths affecting yellow baboons and warthogs at Saadani National Park (SANAPA). Baboon (n=48) and warthog (n=30) freshly defecated faeces were opportunistically collected from the ground and examined for helminth eggs using wet smear preparation and McMaster counting techniques. All 48 yellow baboon faecal samples had different species of helminths namely Oesophagostomum (100.0%), Strongyloides (72.9%), Trichuris (58.3%), Physaloptera (54.2%) and Trichostrongylus (52.1%). Twenty nine percent of some helminth eggs observed were not identified. Up to 75% of the baboon samples had more than one species of helminth eggs. The mean±SDev helminth egg counts in yellow baboon samples was 1213.5 ± 1038.8 eggs per gram (EPG) with Oesophagostomum spp. having the highest mean±SDev egg count (509.4 ± 665 EPG) compared to the rest. In warthogs, 19 out of 30 (63.3%) faecal samples had helminth eggs. The species identified were Strongyloides (63.3%), Oesophagostomum (16.7%) and Trichostrongylus (10.0%). The observed high worm burden in yellow baboons and warthogs of SANAPA show that wild animals are the resevoirs of gastrointestinal parasites and could serve as potential sources of infections to domestic animals and humans.
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    Anthrax outbreaks in the humans - livestock and wildlife interface areas of Northern Tanzania: A retrospective record review 2006–2016
    (BMC) Mwakapeje, E. R.; Høgset, S.; Fyumagwa, R.; Nonga, H. E.; Mdegela, R. H.; Skjerve, E.
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    Anthrax outbreaks in the humans - livestock and wildlife interface areas of Northern Tanzania: A retrospective record review 2006–2016
    (BMC, 2018-02-15) Mwakapeje, E. R.; Høgset, S.; Fyumagwa, R.; Nonga, H. E.; Mdegela, R. H.; Skjerve, E.
    Background: Anthrax outbreaks in Tanzania have been reported from the human, livestock and wildlife sectors over several years, and is among the notifiable diseases. Despite frequent anthrax outbreaks, there is no comprehensive dataset indicating the magnitude and distribution of the disease in susceptible species. This study is a retrospective review of anthrax outbreaks from the human, livestock, and wildlife surveillance systems from 2006 to 2016. The objectives were to identify hotspot districts, describe anthrax epidemiology in the hotspot areas, evaluate the efficiency of the anthrax response systems and identify potential areas for further observational studies. Methods: We prepared a spreadsheet template for a retrospective comprehensive record review at different surveillance levels in Tanzania. We captured data elements including demographic characteristics of different species, the name of health facility, and date of anthrax diagnosis. Also, we collected data on the date of specimen collection, species screened, type of laboratory test, laboratory results and the outcome recorded at the end of treatment in humans. After establishing the database, we produced maps in Quantum GIS software and transferred cleaned data to Stata software for supportive statistical analysis. Results: Anthrax reported incidences over 4 years in humans were much higher in the Arusha region (7.88/100,000) followed by Kilimanjaro region (6.64/100,000) than other regions of Tanzania Mainland. The health facility based review from hotspot districts in parts of Arusha and Kilimanjaro regions from 2006 to 2016, identified 330 human anthrax cases from the selected health facilities in the two regions. Out of 161 livestock and 57 wildlife specimen tested, 103 and 18 respectively, were positive for anthrax. Conclusion: This study revealed that there is gross under-reporting in the existing surveillance systems which is an obstacle for estimating a true burden of anthrax in the hotspot districts. Repeated occurrences of anthrax in livestock, wildlife and humans in the same locations at the same time calls for the need to strengthen links and promote inter–disciplinary and multi-sectoral collaboration to enhance prevention and control measures under a One Health approach.
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    Antibiotic susceptibilities of indicator bacteria Escherichia coli and Enterococci spp. isolated from ducks in Morogoro municipality, Tanzania
    (BMC Research Notes) Kissinga, H. D.; Mwombeki, F.; Said, K.; Katakweba, A. A. S.; Nonga, H. E.; Muhairwa, A. P.
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    Antibiotic susceptibilities of indicator bacteria Escherichia coli and Enterococci spp. isolated from ducks in Morogoro municipality, Tanzania
    (BMC Research Notes, 2018) Kissinga, H. D.; Mwombeki, F.; Said, K.; Katakweba, A. A. S.; Nonga, H. E.; Muhairwa, A. P.
    To estimate the prevalence of antibiotic resistance in indicator bacteria Escherichia coli and Enterococci isolated from duck faeces in Morogoro Municipality, Tanzania. Results: Escherichia coli and Enterococcus isolation rates from ducks faeces were 91 and 100% respectively. The prevalence of antibiotic resistance of E. coli and Enterococcus was 70.3 and 42%, respectively. E. coli resistant to four antibiotics were 28 (30.8%) and showed high resistance to ampicillin (81.3), tetracycline (75.8) and trimethoprim–sulphamethoxine (62.3). Multiple antibiotic resistance of Enterococcus were more than 65%. High resistance rates shown by Enterococcus were observed in rifampin (62%), ampicillin (62%) and tetracycline (42%). Almost all farmers (92.3%) left their ducks to scavenge for food around their houses. Antibiotics used in animal treatments were oxytetracyclines, sulfonamides, penicillin dihydrostreptomycin while in humans were tetracycline, ampicillin, and amoxicillin.
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    Assessment of Antimicrobial Usage and Residues in Commercial Chicken Eggs from Smallholder Poultry Keepers in Morogoro Municipality, Tanzania
    (2009) Nonga, H. E.; Simon, C.; Karimuribo, E. D.; Mdegela, R. H.
    Occurrence of antimicrobial residues in commercial chicken eggs was determined in Morogoro municipality between January and February 2007. Twenty smallholder farmers were interviewed on the types of antimicrobials, reasons of use and their awareness on antimicrobial withdrawal period. Seventy egg samples were collected for qualitative antimicrobial drug residues analysis by use of agar well diffusion and Delvotest SP assays. It was found that farmers use antimicrobial drugs as prophylaxis and treatment of common chicken diseases namely fowl typhoid (85%), infectious bursa disease (Gumboro) (65%) infectious coryza (65%), collibacilosis (55%), coccidiosis (54%), Newcastle disease (50%), helminthosis (20%) and fowl pox (15%). Antimicrobials accounted for 85% of the drugs commonly used. It was also found that 65% of the farmers treat their chicken themselves. The common drugs were oxytetracycline (75%), egg booster (50%), amprolium (35%), sulphamethoxypyridazine (35%), sulphanilamide (25%), chlortetracyclines (10%), chloramphenicol (10%), sulphadiazine– trimethoprim (20%), duoxycycline (20%), sulphadiazine (25%) and flumequine (10%). Eighty per cent of the farmers had knowledge on antimicrobial withdrawal period sold eggs before withdrawal period and almost 85% were unaware of possible effects of antimicrobial residues in humans. All 70 eggs were positive to antimicrobial residues by Delvotest kit, but 21.4% positive with agar well diffusion test. It was concluded that the presence of antimicrobial residues in table eggs could be of public health significance to the egg consumers in Morogoro municipality.
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    Assessment of beef microbial contamination at abattoir and retail meat shops in Morogoro Municipality, Tanzania
    (African Journal Online) Ntanga, P. D.; Mdegela, R. H.; Nonga, H. E.
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    Assessment of beef microbial contamination at abattoir and retail meat shops in Morogoro Municipality, Tanzania
    (African Journal Online, 2014-11-19) Ntanga, P. D.; Mdegela, R. H.; Nonga, H. E.
    A cross section study was conducted in Morogoro Municipality to assess microbial contamination in beef production chain from abattoir to retail meat shops during February to May, 2012. Questionnaire on abattoir and meat shop hygiene was administered to 60 respondents. Meat, meat in-contact surface swab and water samples at the abattoir (n=36) and 14 meat shops (n=56) were analyzed for Total Viable Counts (TVC), Total Coliform Counts (TCC) and Total Faecal Coliform Counts (TFC). It was found that the respondents had not attended to any training on meat hygiene, had no protective gears and do not perform regular health examination. The infrastructure appeared obsolete. Carcasses and meat handling environment at abattoir and retail meat shops were in unhygienic condition. Water was scarce in the abattoir and meat shops. Water analysis showed heavy microbial contamination (mean TVC log 5.2±0.3). All the meat and meat in-contact surfaces were at different levels of microbial contamination and were beyond FAO recommendations. The mean TVC in meat was Log 7.2±1 cfu/g with the highest count (Log 7.24±1.3 cfu/g) recorded in samples from meat shops. The mean TVC on meat in-contact surfaces was Log 6±1.3 cfu/cm2 while mean TCC and TFC in meat were Log 6.1±1.6 and 5.9±1.7 cfu/g respectively. High microbiological loads in meat indicate gross contaminations along the whole meat value chain and pose potential risks for public health. Results obtained in this study provide information to the local government authorities and all stakeholders in the meat industry for proper management of the abattoir, retail meat shops and personnel; outlines key aspects for interventions and suggests future developments to prevent health risks associated with handling and consumption of contaminated meat.
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    Assessment of causes of organ condemnations, financial losses and foetal wastage in cattle slaughtered at Bukoba Municipal abattoir, Kagera, Tanzania
    (African Journal Online, 2014-09-03) Msafiri, P. A.; Nonga, H. E.; Kassuku, A.
    Retrospective and prospective studies were carried out at Bukoba Municipal abattoir, Tanzania to identify causes of cattle organs condemnation and assess financial implications and magnitude of slaughter of pregnant cows and heifers. A retrospective study used data from 2011 to 2013 found that a total of 13,970 cattle were slaughtered and inspected. The prevalence of liver fasciolosis was 28.5%, lung congestion 10.2%, emphysema 5.1%, kidney haemorrhages 7.7% and hydronephrosis 4.3%. During a prospective study carried out in January 2014, post-mortem inspection of 692 cattle was done. The prevalence of liver fasciolosis was 37.6%, flabby heart 11.3%, emphysema 11.0% and lung congestion (6.6%). Value of condemned organs in one month of January 2014 was estimated to be Tanzanian shillings (TZS) 7,351 000 equivalent to US$ 4,595. Estimated total of TZS 6,174 600 (US$ 3,860) resulted from liver condemnations and TZS 6,092 400 (US$ 3,808) from liver fasciolosis which is 82.9% of the total financial losses. Of all the 480 cows and heifers slaughtered, 75 (15.6%) were found to be pregnant. The high condemnation rates led to financial losses and some of the conditions are of zoonotic importance. The indiscriminate slaughter of pregnant animals is against animal welfare. Therefore, diseases surveillance and control measures need to be strengthened, and enforcement of legislation governing animal welfare to curb the slaughter of pregnant animals.
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    Assessment of farming practices and uses of agrochemicals in Lake Manyara basin, Tanzania
    Nonga, H. E.; Mdegela, R. H.; Lie, E.; Sandvik, M.; Skaare, J. J.
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    Assessment of farming practices and uses of agrochemicals in Lake Manyara basin, Tanzania
    (2011-05-18) Nonga, H. E.; Mdegela, R. H.; Lie, E.; Sandvik, M.; Skaare, J. J.
    This study was conducted to assess farming practices, agrochemical usage and environmental pollution in Manyara basin, Tanzania. Field surveys, interviews, questionnaires and Lake Manyara nutrient analysis were used in data collection. The highest number (95%) of households grew crops, namely, maize, rice, banana and vegetables with median farm size of 3 ha. Irrigated farming was common (75%) which enhanced cultivation on same piece of land up to 6 times a year. Farmers indiscriminately used pesticides, namely, insecticides (50%), fungicides (37.5%) and herbicides (12.5%). Uses of endosulfan in vegetable farms poses public health threats to consumers. Most respondents (85%) applied insecticides in vegetables up to 4 times per cropping season. Excessive use of pesticides and haphazard disposal of pesticide remnants and containers caused environmental pollution. The average amount of acaricides used was 1109±915 ml (mean ± SD) per livestock keeper per month per. Most farmers (78%) used inorganic fertilizers and animal manure (43.4%). Low levels of ammonium (3.6±3.1 μg/L), nitrate (1±0.8μg/L) and phosphate (36.1±42 μg/L) were recorded in the lake. Easy access to agrochemicals, limited knowledge of pesticide on environmental health and limited extension services were factors for indiscriminate uses of agrochemicals. Increasing farmers awareness and training aimed at sustainable agriculture, agrochemical uses and integrated pest management is suggested.
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    Assessment of human-snake interaction and its outcomes in Monduli district, northern Tanzania
    (Tanzania Journal of Health Research) Nonga, H. E.; Haruna, A.
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