The study investigated the role played by peasants of Shinyanga during the struggle for independence from 1920s to 1961. The study was conducted in Shinyanga. Objectively, the study traced the historical development of peasantry in Shinyanga from 1920s to 1961; it also investigated the mechanisms that peasants of Shinyanga used during the struggle for independence and finally the study examined the challenges and problems that peasants of Shinyanga faced during the struggle for independence from 1920s to 1961. In the methodological part, the study employed a qualitative research approach to assess the people‟s attitudes; opinions and feeling toward the role of peasants of Shinyanga in the struggle for independence from 1920s to 1961. Data were gathered from ex-cooperatives union leaders and former colonial government leaders. Information was gathered through interview, focus group discussion, documentary review and archival sources as the data collection methods. The information gathered was used to present the historical development of peasantry in Shinyanga, the data also helped to present the mechanisms used by peasants of Shinyanga during the struggle for independence. Additionally the findings from the field helped in the discussion and finally presentation of the challenges and problems that peasants of Shinyanga faced during struggle for independence. The study is important as it revealed the role played by peasants during the struggle for independence in Tanganyika, it is also important as it add value to the history body of knowledge as it redressed the modernization theorists perceptions which ignore that the African peasants were not the political actors. The study about the role of peasants of Shinyanga in the struggle for independence in Shinyanga since 1920s to 1961, aimed at opening up the rooms for others researchers who are interested in political history, therefore this study should be the starting point to investigate the role played by peasants in other parts of the country.