Journal Article
An international Framework Convention on Tobacco Control has been in force since 2005, also aimed
at regulating tobacco farming: FCTC article 17 on diversification, and FCTC article 18 on socio-ecological
issues. Relating to the FCTC, information was gained and evaluated from tobacco farmers of growing
areas sampled from major world regions (Rio Grande do Sul/Brazil, Tabora/Tanzania, Meinung/Taiwan,
and Germany/Europe). A local farming survey was carried out in 2007, using a common data protocol,
which covered, among others, questions on area and production development, energy used in curing,
workforce, economic livelihood situation, and diversification opportunities. In addition to the survey,
secondary (national-scale) statistics, public testimonies and other published data were explored. We
analyzed these data using a portfolio approach, which combined statistical analysis, meta-analytical study
and descriptive narratives. The projected trend of a global shift of tobacco cultivation into the developing
world is confirmed, but also refined. Wood is used in Brazil and Tanzania for curing Virginia green leaf,
thus contradicting the projected continuous reduction of this energy source. Child labour remains a major
component of family farm tobacco operations in Brazil and Tanzania, while the cost and availability of
seasonal labour turns into a bottleneck of production in Germany. More diversification opportunities
exist than generally claimed, but no efforts are seen to address poor and vulnerable growers, in particular.
German and Taiwanese tobacco growers can reasonably be predicted to discontinue farming in the near
future, while tobacco cultivation in Brazil and Tanzania is seen to expand, mainly due to the political
economy of low-cost production. Conclusions are drawn with respect to the work of the UN Study Group
on Economically Sustainable Alternatives to Tobacco Growing (ESATG), effective since 2007.