A Dissertation 2019The aim of this study was to determine the levels of aflatoxin in peanut butter and compliance with the national food laws among SMEs peanut butter manufacturers in Dar es Salaam region. Semi-structured questionnaire was used to assess awareness on aflatoxin contamination in peanut butter, and observation checklist was used to assess compliance practices with national food laws among SMEs peanut butter manufacturers. Samples of peanut butter were collected randomly from 30 peanut butter SMEs selected from the list provided by Small Industries Development Organization (SIDO). Samples were analyzed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection. The total amount of aflatoxins detected in peanut butter samples ranged from 0.075 to 317 μg/kg of which 33.3% of the samples for AFB1 (5.1 to 277.7 μg/kg) and 26.6% of the samples for total aflatoxin (15.5 to 317 μg/kg) exceeded the TBS regulatory limit 5 μg/kg and 15 μg/kg respectively as established by TZS 844:2014. The results revealed that all peanut butter SMEs had knowledge on susceptibility of peanut and peanut butter to aflatoxin while only 3.3% of peanut butter SME was not aware on favorable conditions for aflatoxin in peanuts. These peanut butter SMEs did not register 80% of the premises and 83.3% of the products, and most 90% of the products did not have TBS marks. Also 56.7% of peanut butter SMEs did not have business license. The high level of aflatoxin found in peanut butter poses significant threats to the health of consumers. Therefore, food regulatory authorities should encourage SMEs peanut butter manufacturers to use clean raw material and practice required Quality Assurance (QA), and should monitor the levels of aflatoxin in peanut butter and ensure all SMEs peanut butter manufacturers are registered and comply with the national food laws.