Journal ArticleAn assessment of staffing and training needs for effective delivery of extension services in main- streaming sustainable land management (SLM) practices in Kilimanjaro Region was conducted in June/July 2013. Data collection methods included discussions with key informants at the regional and district levels, consultations with village level stakeholders and potential collaborators, re- view of human resources data both at regional, district and ward levels and collection of individu- al staff bio-data including capacity deficiencies. The staffing situation at the regional and district levels was considered to be adequate for effective mainstreaming of SLM interventions in the re- gion. Staffing at ward and village levels was very poor and largely inadequate for sustainable ex- ecution of extension services. It is optimistically estimated that on average the staffing at ward level needs to be increased by at least 50%. In some districts the deficiency of extension staff at ward level was as high as 80%. Training needs exist at all levels from the region down to commu- nity level. At the regional and district levels both long and short term training programs were re- quired. At the community level required training is more practical and purely focused in main- streaming SLM interventions at individual households and community lands. Potential collabora- tors with local government were identified in four main categories namely, NGOs/CBOs, private sector, government departments and faith-based organizations. The study recommends a capacity building program on specific knowledge gaps identified at regional, district, ward and village le- vels. The study further recommends that immediate measures need to be taken by the district au- thorities to address the staffing problem at ward level including recruitment of volunteers and developing collaboration framework with identified potential partners.