PhD ThesisThe study to investigate farmer's adaptation technologies to climate change in Pangani river basin, Tanzania focused on two central themes mainly yield risks and the efficiency of adopted farm technologies to climate change adaptation. A total of 420 randomly selected smallholder farmers from twelve villages were included in the study. Data were collected by questionnaire survey in a survey, farm observations, and focus group discussions. Three approaches were employed to address the above themes. The first approach was the multinomial endogenous switching regression model of climate change adaptation and crop yield to determmine analyze factors that influence farm technology adoption and the effects of adopted farm technologies on the smallholder farmers productivity. Secondly, the method of Just and Pope's Production function to determine the risk implications of the different technologies and lastly, a stochastic frontier approach was used to analyze farm technical efficiency of adopted farm technologies. Results showed that adoption decisions on related technologies were influenced by fanner characteristics, plot-level factors and weather variables. Adoption of farm technologies increases maize yield and the highest payoff was achieved when farm technologies are adopted in combination rather than in isolation. However adopted farm technologies perform differently along the Pangani river basin underscoring the importance of careful geographical targeting when promoting and scaling up farm technologies. The smallholders were found to be technically inefficient, producing only 59.9 per cent of the potential output. Great inter-household variations in technical efficiency existed. influenced by farmer characteristics, production environment and production risks. The results have the following implications. First, a one-size-fits-all approach is not an advisable approach for developing and promoting technologies. It is important to disseminate farm technologies that are appropriately tailored to a specific area instead ofiii making blanket recommendations that promote similar technologies to all farmers. Secondly, there is a need for the government, and development partners to provide incentives to accelerate complete adoption of these technologies. Thirdly, there is a need to address the constraints reducing farmer efficiency. Viable alternatives should include improving transport and marketing infrastructure, encouraging the smallholders to supplement inorganic fertilizer with manure, and use of soil and water conservation measure.