EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ES.1 Background Under the U.S. Government’s Feed the Future (FTF) program, CDM International Inc. (CDM Smith) is implementing USAID/Tanzania’s Technical Assistance to Support the Development of Irrigation and Rural Roads Infrastructure Project (IRRIP2). Among other activities, IRRIP2 is supporting the development of irrigation schemes in the Kilombero district of Morogoro region.This report presents findings the socio-economic survey in 15 villages of kilombero sub-basin. The report highlights among other things, the dependence of communities’ livelihoods to environmental goods and services and the preference flows to sustain the service. ES.2 Data Collection The data were collected through both qualitative approach which included PRA exercise, and key informants interviews; And quantitative method using questionnaire survey, (Annex 1). The PRA was done in 16 villages of Mbingu, Kisegese and Mofu which constitute BBM 1, Udagaji and Mgugwe, which constitute BBM 2, Matema, Mlimba, Chisano and Ngalimila which constitute BBM 3, Lukolongo and Merera which constitute BBM 4 and Katindiuka, Kikwawila, Kivukoni, Miwangani and Mavimba which constitute BBM 5. Key informants included VEOs, traditional healers, school children and fishermen. For the quantitative a structured questionnaire was administered through face to face in sixteen villages that were randomly sampled to represent Kilombero sub basin. The study considered villages in 5 BBM sites. Villages in BBM site 1 were Mbingu (Vigaeni-hamlet), Mofu and Kisegese. Villages in BBM site 2 were Udagaji and Mgugwe. Villages in BBM site 3 were Ngalimila, , Matema, Chisano and Mlimba b. Villages in BBM site 4 were Lukolongo and Merera while Villages in BBM site 5 were Katindiuka, kikwawila, Kivukoni, Mavimba and Miwangani. In the two surveys a total of 736 households were consulted. The information from qualitative data were analysed through content analysis whereas those from quantitative survey standard methods were used to determine frequencies and means through Microsoft excel and SPSS. The findings are presented in the form of tables and figures. To be consistent the study adopted the classification of the riverine resource services for the communities based on the ecosystem services classification system developed by De Groot et al., (2003). The final list of riverine resource services researched and analysed consists of production services (domestic use, fishing, crop cultivation, livestock keeping, animals, birds and insects, natural and cultivated vegetables and fruits,construction materials/weaving/fuel and traditional medicine), regulation services (flooding and water associated problems) and information services (traditional dancing/rituals and swimming). ii STARTER DOCUMENT-SOCIAL STUDY (EFA) ES.3 Main results In general, communities in Kilombero sub-basin are involved in crop cultivation (93 % in BBM site 2 to 100 % in BBM site 4) mainly rice and maize farming. Other crops include sesame, banana and sunflower. However, fishing was the second most important economic activity. It was higher in BBM site 1 (48.4%), BBM site 4 (41 %) and BBM site 5 (43.3 %) than in BBM site 2 (30 %) and BBM site 3 (33.3 %). Again, the study observed that there was more revenue from fishing large fish than from fishing small fish (dagaa) in BBM sites 1, 2, 4 and 5. In the contrary, for BBM site 3, revenue from fishing was higher from fishing small fish (TZS 1,210,918 per household per year) than from fishing large fish (TZS 315,275 per household per year). However, fish consumption was determined; the observation was that on average for BBM site 1 to 5, 82.75 number of large fish per household per year and 68.44 number of cups (250 ml) of small fish per household per year were consumed. Frequency of fish consumption was assessed in terms of number of days large fish and small fish (dagaa) were consumed per year. It was realized that on average households in BBM site 1 to 5 consumed large fish in about 83 days in a year while small fish were consumed in 68 days in a year. On average, over 75 % of households depended on natural vegetables in BBM site 1 to 5. The households directly collected natural vegetables, and they were not for sell but rather for food by households collecting natural vegetables. There was no substantial revenue from selling of natural vegetables. However, consumption of natural vegetables was on average 2.63 bunches of natural vegetables per day for BBM site 1 to 5, and per month the average was 18.16 bunches of natural vegetables per month. The study assessed frequency of natural vegetables consumption in study villages. It was found that on average households in BBM site 1 to 5 consumed natural vegetables in 6.75 days in a month. Besides natural vegetables, households used cultivated vegetables. On average for BBM site 1 to 5, 92.16 % depended on both cultivated leaf and fruit form vegetables, 90.99 % depended on cultivated leaf form vegetables and 78.42 % of households depended on cultivated fruit form vegetables. While natural vegetables were mainly used for food by the household collecting them, cultivated vegetables were (in addition to being used for food were) also for business. It was observed that on average of TZS 849,665.00 per household per year was obtained from cultivated leaf vegetables and TZS 389,900 per household per year was obtained from cultivated fruit vegetables for BBM site 1 to 5. Assessment of income contribution of economic activities to annual household income in study villages revealed that for BBM site 1, 2 and 3 crop farming contributed 68.46 %, 80.41 % and 71.67 % respectively to annual household income, while fishing contributed 2.53 %. Fishing contributed 80.42 % for BBM site 5 and 37.96 % for BBM site 4. Livestock keeping contributed 13.54 % in BBM site 4 iii STARTER DOCUMENT-SOCIAL STUDY (EFA) The study also looked at the preferred water level in flood areas. It was revealed that households in the study villages preferred water to be at knee level in inundated areas during wet season. On the preferences, households preferred Moist and fertile soils for flood recession agriculture and water for domestic purposes among the most important environmental services in all BBM sites. Ranking was between 1 and 2 for the services. On maintenance level, households preferred the same environmental services (preferred) to be maintained but also including controlling of diseases such as malaria, bilharzias and UTI. ES.4 Conclusions For all of the BBM sites objective catgeory B is recommended. Dry-medium flow is recommended in BBM site 1, 3, 4, and 5 and status quo shoud be maintained in BBM 2. Per BBM site objectives for livelihoods and objectives for target species are also defined. However, the final volume of water available to maintain the specific livelihoods requirements can only be determined once the stakeholders have agreed on the EFA classification for the rivers.