Development is an on-going process, and the drive for better life is endless. Tanzania stands out as one of the very few African countries that have managed to sustain peace harmony and unity in more than half a century of independence. Despite this reckoned achievement, the country is faced by a myriad of socio-economic challenges. These range from income poverty to diseases,low education as well as poor advancement in science and technology ow productivity weak governance and equity; uncompetitive private sector, and multitude of other problems. This book is a collective effort of leading academics and professionals on Tanzania's development. It reviews earlier efforts of transforming Tanzania, and assesses why early industrial transformation failed, thus worsening economic growth and livelihoods. The book also reviews experiences of countries that managed to transform, and attempts to answer the question: how did other countries do it? How did they approach agricultural development, poverty reduction, industrial transformation, governance, science, technology and innovation, as well as formalization? Drawing on experiences and lessons from other countries and the history of industrialization, the book presents lessons in utilizing natural resources for socio-economic transformation. The book ends by presenting a synthesis of key messages and recommendations for Tanzanias path from Poverty to prosperity. The road from poverty to prosperity is complex and circuitous. But it is not insurmountable. With a leadership that has a clear vision and integrity, Tanzanians can move towards a robust, happy healthy and prosperous future.Tanzania has development goals and targets spelt out clearly in the National Development Vision 2025. With adequate ingredients of growth, particularly investment in human capital, science, technology, innovation, good governance, visionary and strong-minded leadership coupled with patriotic vision, priorities, focus, consistency and discipline of action, the country will be able to reach the envisaged destination while the clock is ticking.