Building materials are any materials which used for a construction purpose. Many of these materials are naturally occurring substances, such as clay, sand, wood and rocks. Also twigs and leaves have been used to construct buildings especially in many African developing countries up to date. Apart from naturally occurring materials, many manmade products are in use, some more and some less synthetic. The goal of this project is to investigate and to make the review of different materials used in building and construction of different civil engineering infrastructures before 21st Century, specifically in Africa continent. To review their general properties and effectiveness, to compare the previous and present situations on these materials, and to give out the overview of the expected building and construction materials which have to be considered in the future time.