Dissertation (MSc Biodiversity)The study was conducted to investigate the levels of human attack and livestock depredation by spotted hyenas in nine selected villages in Geita Region. The study specifically, i) determined the level of human attacks by spotted hyenas, ii) the level of livestock depredation by spotted hyenas, iii) compared the major causes of livestock loss factors, and iv) mitigation strategies to reduce human attack and livestock depredation. Snowball technique, was used to obtained the sample of villages and respondents. Data were collected using structured interviews with standardized questionnaires and observations in the selected households that were affected by spotted hyenas. Data gathered were stored in an electronic data base and analyzed by using Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (SPSS), IBM version 20 for windows. Results suggested that, human attacks and livestock depredation by spotted hyenas differed significantly among the surveyed villages. Large number of human attacks and injuries as well as a large livestock depredation were observed at Ihulike village that is relatively close to Kigosi Game Reserve. Diseases were found to be a major cause of loss of cattle while in goats and sheep depredation and diseases, were more or less similar. However, losses of domestic dogs due to diseases were similar to depredation. Moreover, majority of the respondents had no pits for household wastes disposal. Majority of respondents who keep livestock, used domestic dogs and bomas, as mitigation strategies to reduce depredation. In addition, no one had used poison as a mitigate strategy to reduce depredation. To minimize the level of human attacks and livestock depredation farmers had to build strong bomas, identify places to dispose wastes and living far away from the protected area. An improvement of veterinary services which would have reduced the loss of livestock due to diseases is highly recommended.