Dissertation (MSc Paediatric Nursing)Background: Early diagnosis and prompt treatment of childhood febrile conditions are essential for reducing the progression of the illness to severe disease and, therefore, decrease mortality among under five children. This study aimed to assess the health-seeking behavioural patterns and self-medication practices of caregivers on managing childhood febrile conditions in Singida Region. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional analytical study was conducted in Singida Region at Iramba, Itigi and Mkalama districts from April to May 2019. A sample size of 751 caregivers were involved meanwhile 7 destroyed by rain. Participants were selected using simple random sampling. Interviewer-administered questionnaires were used to collect data. Data were entered and analyzed using SPSS version 20. Principal component analysis was done to determine relevance of questions. Multiple logistic regression analyses were conducted to determine the strength of association on factors influencing health-seeking behavioural patterns and self-medication practices and controlling the confounders. Findings were presented using frequency, percentage, tables and figures. Results: Among 744 caregivers, 57% (425) had high knowledge on managing childhood febrile conditions. Influencing factors were education level (P< 0.05). Also, 51.3% (382) had high self-medication practices influenced by marital status (P< 0.05) and household wealth (P< 0.05). Only 41.5% of caregivers seek health care to the health facility, 38% went to community doctors, 10% went to neighbours, 6.8% went to religious leaders and 3% went to traditional healers. Peasant (AOR 5.280; 95%CI 2.356-11.831; P> 0.001), easy access to the drug outside health facility (AOR 1.769; 95%CI 1.252-2.501; P=0.001), Poorest (AOR 2.703; 95%CI 1.665-4.389; P< 0.001) were more likely associated with health seeking behavioral patterns. Low knowledge (AOR 0.387; 95%CI 0.282-0.533; P< 0.05) less likely to have self-medication compared to with high knowledge. Not seek care from health care facility (AOR 1.691; 95%CI 1.235-2.315; P< 0.05) were more likely to have self-medication practices compared to those who seek from the health care facility. Conclusion: Knowledge and health-seeking behavioural patterns have an influence on self-medication practices among caregivers.