Dissertation (MA Sociology)This study, has focused on challenges facing conditional cash transfer beneficiaries in improving their household's livelihood in Chamwino District Council, specifically, it addressed obstacles which CCT beneficiaries encountered in spending the provided grants to generate income, food consumption patterns in households and the issues encountered in spending the provided grants for education and health services. This study has employed cross-sectional design which addressed the characteristics of the CCT beneficiaries at a certain point in time at Chamwino District. The sample size comprised of the 134 respondents in quantitative and 50 respondents (18 from in-depth interview and 32 from FGD) in qualitative approach. Subtracting 26 respondent who involved once again in FGD makes a grand total of 158 sample size. This study has used in-depth interviews, focus group discussions, observation, and questionnaires with both open-ended and closed questions. Findings showed that, insufficient amount of money, environmental factors, the old age, health potential and lack of entrepreneurship skills were the barriers which faced the beneficiaries in spending the provided income. It has been noted basically that, there was a limited awareness of the food consumption among the CCT beneficiaries in the households, they also consumed meals mostly once per day. However, price fluctuation, failure to generate income, a little amount provided and increases in life expenses were the issues counteracting CCT beneficiaries in accessing nutritional food. It has been noted additionally that, the received amount failed to meet the medicine needs, likewise the CCT beneficiaries failed to cover their immediate hospital bills among the others which related to school expenses for their children. The study suggests that, the CCT programme must provide an adequate amount of cash to the beneficiaries so as to meet their basic needs but also it should impart the entrepreneurship skills to beneficiaries, so as to make them productive and responsible for their own development. Furthermore, the study recommends further studies to be conducted on the effect of the decision making and purchasing power, based on the gender of the CCT‟s beneficiaries in spending the provided amount with a view to improve their livelihood