Dissertation (MSc Natural Resources Management)This study was conducted in order to assess the local communities` livelihood expectations from uranium mining in 2016 at Namtumbo District, Tanzania specifically in Likuyu ward in which three villages were involved namely Likuyuseka, Mtonya and Mandela. Data for this study were obtained through documentary review, survey, semi structured interviews and Focused Group Discussion methods in which a representative sample of 96 heads of households was used. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze quantitative data using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) software while qualitative data were analysed by using content analysis. Findings from the study revealed that majority of the respondents had negative attitude on the importance of mining company to their livelihoods. It was further found that local people have diverse expectations from uranium mining in which the leading ones were provision of employment, road construction, water supply, support in education and doing business with mining company employees. The current benefits provided by the uranium mining companies appeared to be contrary to the local people`s livelihood expectations. There are also challenges that hinder attainment of local people livelihood expectations like lack of education, poor governance and poor communication network. Generally uranium mining company in the area of study has failed to meet most of the expected benefits by the community members. The study recommends for the government to increase awareness through provision of education. Also the government need to manage the diverse expectations of the local communities by establishing dialogue with the communities so as to ensure timely and thoughtful mitigation measures are put in place.