This study investigates land-use dynamics, agricultural development and constraints, land degradation, and the socio-economic and environmental effects of agricultural processes in central Tanzania. It shows there have been both spatial and temporal changes in land-use patterns in the area. The intensity of agriculture has increased; however environmental concerns are arising, including deforestation and soil erosion. The study concludes that to sustain the livelihoods of the people in the area whilst at the same time maintaining the existing dynamics, there is a need for an integrated approach to managing the available and varied resources, as well as measures to ensure environmentally sound agricultural practices.