Browsing by Author "Lupindu, A. M."

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Bacteremia in critical care units at Bugando Medical Centre, Mwanza, Tanzania: the role of colonization and contaminated cots and mothers’ hands in cross-transmission of multidrug resistant Gram-negative bacteria
(Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection Control) Silago, V.; Kovacs, D.; Msanga, D. R.; Seni, J.; Matthews, L.; Oravcová, K.; Zadoks, R. N.; Lupindu, A. M.; Hoza, A. S.; Mshana, S. E.
Characterisation of commensal escherichia coli isolated from apparently healthy cattle and their attendants in Tanzania
(PLOS ONE) Madoshi, B. P.; Kudirkiene, E; Mtambo, M. M. A.; Muhairwa, A. P.; Lupindu, A. M.; Olsen, J. E.
Characterisation of commensal escherichia coli isolated from apparently healthy cattle and their attendants in Tanzania
(PLOS ONE, 2016-12-15) Madoshi, B. P.; Kudirkiene, E; Mtambo, M. M. A.; Muhairwa, A. P.; Lupindu, A. M.; Olsen, J. E.
While pathogenic types of Escherichia coli are well characterized, relatively little is known about the commensal E. coli flora. In the current study, antimicrobial resistance in commensal E. coli and distribution of ERIC-PCR genotypes among isolates of such bacteria from cattle and cattle attendants on cattle farms in Tanzania were investigated. Seventeen E. coli genomes representing different ERIC-PCR types of commensal E. coli were sequenced in order to determine their possible importance as a reservoir for both antimicrobial resistance genes and virulence factors. Both human and cattle isolates were highly resistant to tetracycline (40.8% and 33.1%), sulphamethazole-trimethoprim (49.0% and 8.8%) and ampicillin (44.9% and 21.3%). However, higher proportion of resistant E. coli and higher frequency of resistance to more than two antimicrobials was found in isolates from cattle attendants than isolates from cattle. Sixteen out of 66 ERIC-PCR genotypes were shared between the two hosts, and among these ones, seven types contained isolates from cattle and cattle attendants from the same farm, suggesting transfer of strains between hosts. Genome-wide analysis showed that the majority of the sequenced cattle isolates were assigned to phylogroups B1, while human isolates represented phylogroups A, C, D and E. In general, in silico resistome and virulence factor identification did not reveal differences between hosts or phylogroups, except for lpfA and iss found to be cattle and B1 phylogroup specific. The most frequent plasmids replicon genes found in strains from both hosts were of IncF type, which are commonly associated with carriage of antimicrobial and virulence genes. Commensal E. coli from cattle and attendants were found to share same genotypes and to carry antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes associated with both intra and extraintestinal E. coli pathotypes.
Current manure management practices and hygiene aspects of urban and peri-urban livestock farming in Tanzania
(Livestock Research for Rural Development,) Lupindu, A. M.; Ngowi, H. A.; Dalsgaard, A.; Olsen, J. E.; Msoffe, P. L. M.
Current manure management practices and hygiene aspects of urban and peri-urban livestock farming in Tanzania
(Livestock Research for Rural Development,, 2012) Lupindu, A. M.; Ngowi, H. A.; Dalsgaard, A.; Olsen, J. E.; Msoffe, P. L. M.
The recent expansion of urban and peri urban livestock farming has resulted in close contact between animals and humans, sometimes with adverse human health effects. A survey involving 119 cattle keeping households in urban and peri-urban settings of Morogoro, Tanzania revealed that manure management practices were different from traditional practices mainly due to lack of land. Manure was collected and conveyed by using tools by 94% of respondents, while others used water or bare hands. Seventy six percent of respondents collected manure from animal houses at least once a day, a feature that was associated with housing characteristics (p<0.05). Heaping was a common manure storage method although other cattle keepers directly spread manure on land. Manure was disposed of within residential area by 70% of respondents and this practice was associated with land area owned by or under control of the households (p<0.05). The current manure management practices did not protect either humans, animals or the environment against the risk of contamination with potential zoonotic pathogens and therefore there is a need for the formulation of guidelines on safe manure management practices.
Ecological and Epidemiological Findings Associated with Zoonotic Rabies Outbreaks and Control in Moshi, Tanzania, 2017–2018
(International Journal Environmental Research and Public Health) Killewo, Japhet; Mtui-Malamsha, N.; Sallu, R.; Mahiti, G. R.; Mohamed, H.; OleNeselle, M.; Rubegwa, B.; Swai, E. S.; Makungu, S.; Otieno, E. G.; Lupindu, A. M.; Komba, E.; Mdegela, R.; Assenga, J. A.; Bernard, J.; Marandu, W.; Warioba, J.; Makondo, Z.; Chang'a, J.; Mramba, F.; Hezron, N.; Killewo, J.; Kafeero, F.; Makonnen, Y. J.; Rivas, A. L.; Fasina, F. O.
Ecological and Epidemiological Findings Associated with Zoonotic Rabies Outbreaks and Control in Moshi, Tanzania, 2017–2018
(International Journal Environmental Research and Public Health, 2019-08-07) Killewo, Japhet; Mtui-Malamsha, N.; Sallu, R.; Mahiti, G. R.; Mohamed, H.; OleNeselle, M.; Rubegwa, B.; Swai, E. S.; Makungu, S.; Otieno, E. G.; Lupindu, A. M.; Komba, E.; Mdegela, R.; Assenga, J. A.; Bernard, J.; Marandu, W.; Warioba, J.; Makondo, Z.; Chang'a, J.; Mramba, F.; Hezron, N.; Killewo, J.; Kafeero, F.; Makonnen, Y. J.; Rivas, A. L.; Fasina, F. O.
Approximately 1500 people die annually due to rabies in the United Republic of Tanzania. Moshi, in the Kilimanjaro Region, reported sporadic cases of human rabies between 2017 and 2018. In response and following a One Health approach, we implemented surveillance, monitoring, as well as a mass vaccinations of domestic pets concurrently in >150 villages, achieving a 74.5% vaccination coverage (n = 29, 885 dogs and cats) by September 2018. As of April 2019, no single human or animal case has been recorded. We have observed a disparity between awareness and knowledge levels of community members on rabies epidemiology. Self-adherence to protective rabies vaccination in animals was poor due to the challenges of costs and distances to vaccination centers, among others. Incidence of dog bites was high and only a fraction (65%) of dog bite victims (humans) received post-exposure prophylaxis. A high proportion of unvaccinated dogs and cats and the relative intense interactions with wild dog species at interfaces were the risk factors for seropositivity to rabies virus infection in dogs. A percentage of the previously vaccinated dogs remained unimmunized and some unvaccinated dogs were seropositive. Evidence of community engagement and multi-coordinated implementation of One Health in Moshi serves as an example of best practice in tackling zoonotic diseases using multi-level government e orts. The district-level establishment of the One Health rapid response team (OHRRT), implementation of a carefully structured routine vaccination campaign, improved health education, and the implementation of barriers between domestic animals and wildlife at the interfaces are necessary to reduce the burden of rabies in Moshi and communities with similar profiles.
Epidemiology of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Africa in review
(Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group) Lupindu, A. M.
Evaluation of Bovine trypanosomosis intervention in Chunya District, Tanzania
(Tanzania Veterinary Journal) Matogo, B. N.; Silayo, R. S.; Lupindu, A. M.
Evaluation of Bovine trypanosomosis intervention in Chunya District, Tanzania
(Tanzania Veterinary Journal, 2015) Matogo, B. N.; Silayo, R. S.; Lupindu, A. M.
A study was conducted in Chunya District, Tanzania during December 2013 to assess the impact of tsetse fly and trypanosomosis control programme based on use of targets and traps. The trypanosome prevalence was determined by microscopic examination of thick and thin blood smears from 229 cattle selected randomly from 33 households. Additionally a semi-structured questionnaire was administered to heads or representatives of selected households to collect information on cattle- keepers’ knowledge on clinical features, transmission and control of trypanosomosis. Descriptive analysis of the data was done to establish proportions of different attributes and association between variables. Of 229 animals examined, six (2.6%) were positive for trypanosomes indicating significant decrease from baseline level of 13.8% found in 2010 at the beginning of the programme. Two trypanosome species, Trypanosoma vivax and T. congolense were identified in blood samples and vectors collected from the study area were identified as Glossina spp, Tabanus spp and Haematopota spp. Questionnaire results showed that burning of grasses (30.3%), theft of targets and traps (3.0%) and lack of follow up from the programme authority (6.1%) were major constraints that faced the programme. The study has shown a decline in prevalence of trypanosomosis which suggests that the application of traps and screens had a significantr impact on the disease and this warrants a recommendation of extending the trap and screen application technology to other similar tsetse infested areas of Tanzania.
Factors associated with acquisition of enteric episodes in cattle waste handlers in Morogoro, Tanzania
(Research Gate) Madoshi, B. P.; Lupindu, A. M.; Mtambo, M. M. A.; Muhairwa, A. P.; Olsen, J. E.
Factors associated with acquisition of enteric episodes in cattle waste handlers in Morogoro, Tanzania
(Research Gate, 2017) Madoshi, B. P.; Lupindu, A. M.; Mtambo, M. M. A.; Muhairwa, A. P.; Olsen, J. E.
The study explored risk factors for acquiring enteric disease in animal waste handlers as occupational hazards. A qualitative survey of 124 of respondents from Morogoro peri-urban and urban areas was done. Eight four respondents had experienced enteric episodes as compared to forty who didn’t mention, and among those who mentioned the episodes, 55.95% had reported this to a health facility while 44.05% had consulted a nearby pharmacy or drug shop. Heaping in living plots was mostly practiced storage method within living plots (70.97 %). The percentage of handlers who were aware of risks for acquiring enteric pathogens from cattle after handling their wastes was 43.55%. There was limited awareness of government guideline on handling such wastes (3.23%) and washing hands without soap was found to be the most common health measures taken after handling animal wastes (70.16%). Statistically significant difference was observed in knowledge on occupational hazards (p = 0.001), zoonotic pathogens awareness (p=0.05), experience of participants (p=0.05) and protective gears (p = 0.022). The animal wastes handlers could be constantly exposed to risks associated with enteropathogens due to the lack of training on proper measures to handle animal wastes as occupational hazard, government interventions of formulating laws and by-laws which are user friendly. This could protect the attendants themselves against the zoonotic enteropathogens, the public in general and the environment.
First Report on a Randomized Investigation of Antimicrobial Resistance in Fecal Indicator Bacteria from Livestock, Poultry, and Humans in Tanzania
(Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.) Katakweba, A. A. S.; Muhairwa, A. P.; Lupindu, A. M.; Damborg, P.; Rosenkrantz, J. T.; Minga, U. M.; Mtambo, M. A.; Olsen, J. E.
First Report on a Randomized Investigation of Antimicrobial Resistance in Fecal Indicator Bacteria from Livestock, Poultry, and Humans in Tanzania
(Mary Ann Liebert, Inc., 2018-04-01) Katakweba, A. A. S.; Muhairwa, A. P.; Lupindu, A. M.; Damborg, P.; Rosenkrantz, J. T.; Minga, U. M.; Mtambo, M. A.; Olsen, J. E.
This study provides an estimate of antimicrobial resistance in intestinal indicator bacteria from humans (n = 97) and food animals (n = 388) in Tanzania. More than 70% of all fecal samples contained tetracycline (TE), sulfamethoxazole (STX), and ampicillin (AMP)-resistant coliforms, while cefotaxime (CTX)-resistant coliforms were observed in 40% of all samples. The average Log10 colony forming units/g of CTX-resistant coliforms in samples from humans were 2.20. Of 390 Escherichia coli tested, 66.4% were resistant to TE, 54.9% to STX, 54.9% to streptomycin, and 36.4% to CTX. Isolates were commonly (65.1%) multiresistant. All CTX-resistant isolates contained blaCTX-M gene type. AMP- and vancomycin-resistant enterococci were rare, and the average concentrations in positive samples were low (log10 0.9 and 0.4, respectively). A low-to-moderate resistance (2.1–15%) was detected in 240 enterococci isolates to the drugs tested, except for rifampicin resistance (75.2% of isolates). The average number of sulII gene copies varied between Log10 5.37 and 5.68 with no significant difference between sample source, while cattle had significantly higher number of tetW genes than humans. These findings, based on randomly obtained samples, will be instrumental in designing antimicrobial resistance (AMR) intervention strategies for Tanzania
Isolation and characterization of Escherichia coli from animals, humans, and environment
(INTECH- Open Science/ Open Minds) Lupindu, A. M.
Isolation of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus from apparently healthy human animal attendants, cattle and cattle wastes in Tanzania
(Wiley Online Library) Madoshi, B. P.; Mtambo, M. M. A.; Muhairwa, A. P.; Lupindu, A. M.; Olsen, J. E.
Isolation of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus from apparently healthy human animal attendants, cattle and cattle wastes in Tanzania
(Wiley Online Library, 2018-03-07) Madoshi, B. P.; Mtambo, M. M. A.; Muhairwa, A. P.; Lupindu, A. M.; Olsen, J. E.
AIM: The study aimed to isolate and characterize Enterococcus species from apparently healthy waste attendants, cattle and cattle waste in Tanzania. Emphasis was given to antimicrobial resistance and in particular occurrence of vancomycin (VA)-resistant enterococci. METHODS AND RESULTS: Faecal samples were collected from healthy cattle, cattle waste attendants and cattle house wastes, and isolation of Enterococcus species was performed using Slanetz Bartley agar. Isolates were characterized with regard to species, antimicrobial susceptibility and presence of VA resistance genes. Enterococcus faecalis was the most prevalent species from all sources of isolation (43·5%), followed by Enterococcus faecium (38·4%). Isolates of E. faecium showed a higher number of phenotypic antimicrobial resistance than isolates of E. faecalis. Fifty-eight isolates, which showed resistance or intermediate resistance to VA by disc diffusion test, were analysed for VA-resistant Enterococcus (VRE) by PCR. The vanA gene was detected in 14 isolates of E. faecium and 12 isolates of E. faecalis, while vanB was detected in three isolates. No isolates were found to carry vanC1-gene. CONCLUSION: VRE was detected in both human and cattle samples, despite no known use of antimicrobial agents that can select for VRE in livestock in Tanzania. Enterococcus faecalis was the most commonly isolated species from cattle and humans. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The study provides information on the prevalence of VRE in human and nonhuman samples in Tanzania calling for further studies on the origin of VRE in such isolates, since no selection mechanism in Tanzania are known.
Knowledge and attitude of pregnant women in rural Tanzania on prevention of Anaemia
(African Journal of Reproductive Health) Margwe, J. A.; Lupindu, A. M.
Occurrence and characterization of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli o157:h7 and other non-sorbitol–fermenting e. coli in cattle and humans in urban areas of Morogoro, Tanzania
(Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.) Lupindu, A. M.; Olsen, J. E.; Ngowi, H. A.; Msoffe, P. L. M.; Mtambo, M. M.; Scheutz, F.; Dalsgaard, A.
Occurrence and characterization of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli o157:h7 and other non-sorbitol–fermenting e. coli in cattle and humans in urban areas of Morogoro, Tanzania
(Mary Ann Liebert, Inc., 2014) Lupindu, A. M.; Olsen, J. E.; Ngowi, H. A.; Msoffe, P. L. M.; Mtambo, M. M.; Scheutz, F.; Dalsgaard, A.
Escherichia coli strains such as Shiga toxin–producing E. coli (STEC), enteropathogenic E. coli, enterotoxigenic, attaching, and effacing E. coli, and enteroinvasive E. coli cause diarrhea in humans. Although other serotypes exist, the most commonly reported STEC in outbreaks is O157:H7. A cross-sectional study was conducted to isolate and characterize non-sorbitol–fermenting (NSF) E. coli O157:H7 from urban and periurban livestock settings of Morogoro, Tanzania. Human stool, cattle feces, and soil and water samples were collected. Observations and questionnaire interview studies were used to gather information about cattle and manure management practices in the study area. E. coli were isolated on sorbitol MacConkey agar and characterized by conventional biochemical tests. Out of 1049 samples, 143 (13.7%) yielded NSF E. coli. Serological and antimicrobial tests and molecular typing were performed to NSF E. coli isolates. These procedures detected 10 (7%) pathogenic E. coli including STEC (n=7), enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) (n=2), and attaching and effacing E. coli (A/EEC) (n=1) strains. The STEC strains had the ability to produce VT1 and different VT2 toxin subtypes that caused cytopathic effects on Vero cells. The prevalence of STEC in cattle was 1.6%, out of which 0.9% was serotype O157:H7 and the overall prevalence of diarrheagenic E. coli in cattle was 2.2%. The serotypes O157:H7, O142:H34, O113:H21, O+:H-,O +:H16, and O25:H4 were identiﬁed. One ESBLproducing isolate showed the MLST type ST131. To our knowledge, this is the ﬁrst ﬁnding in Tanzania of this recently emerged worldwide pandemic clonal group, causing widespread antimicrobial-resistant infections, and adds knowledge of the geographical distribution of ST131. Cattle manure was indiscriminately deposited within residential areas, and there was direct contact between humans and cattle feces during manure handling. Cattle and manure management practices expose humans, animals, and the environment to pathogenic E. coli and other manure-borne pathogens. Therefore, there is a need to improve manure management practices in urban and periurban areas to prevent pathogen spread and associated human health risks.