Browsing by Author "Luziga, C."
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Item A tsetse Glossina pallidipes harbors the pathogenic trypanosomes circulating in Liwale district, Tanzania(ELSEVIER) Luziga, C.; Muya, C.; Mramba, F.; Byamungu, M.; Mbata, G.Item A tsetse Glossina pallidipes harbors the pathogenic trypanosomes circulating in Liwale district, Tanzania(ELSEVIER, 2017-06-03) Luziga, C.; Muya, C.; Mramba, F.; Byamungu, M.; Mbata, G.African Animal Trypanosomiasis (AAT) is among several constraints hindering development of the livestock sector in Tanzania. A survey was conducted in Liwale district located in southern Tanzania in 2013 to determine the population density of Glossina species, distribution pattern and Trypanosome species infection rate in tsetse flies. A total of 200 flies were collected from the study area and three Glossina species were identified. The proportional abundance of all trapped flies was 90% (180) for Glossina pallidipes, 6% (12) for G. brevipalpis and 4% (8) for G. m. morsitans with apparent densities (fly/trap/day - FTD) of 0.44. Higher density of Glossina pallidipes was observed in villages closer to than those far from the Selous game reserve. Trypanosomes were detected and identified by microscopy and ITS1 polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay on DNA purified from 200 flies. Glossina pallidipes was the only fly found infected by three Trypanosoma species, namely T. vivax (60%), T. simiae (10%) and T. brucei (30%) with an overall infection rate of 10% (20/200). A higher proportion of trypanosome infections were observed in female tsetse flies than in males. Results of this study show that G pallidipes is the major Glossina species harboring pathogenic trypanosomes in Liwale district and that the Selous game reserve is a potential reservoir of trypanosomes in terms of parasite abundance and species diversity.Item Anatomical variation of habitat related changes in scapular morphology(Tanzania Veterinary Journal) Luziga, C.; Wada, N.Item Comparative gross and histological morphology of goat (caprine) and sheep (ovine) placentomes(Tanzania Veterinary Journal) Luziga, C.; Kashoma, I. P.Item Comparative gross and histological morphology of goat (caprine) and sheep (ovine) placentomes(Tanzania Veterinary Journal, 2019-02-01) Luziga, C.; Kashoma, I. P.This study aimed to investigate the gross and micro-anatomy of the placentome of Tanzanian goats and sheep and their relationship with some foetal parameters. Forty pregnant uteri (20 from goats and 20 from sheep) were collected from slaughtered pregnant animals. Foetal age was estimated using Crown-Rump Length formula. Other parameters such as head length (HL), neck length (NL), fore and hind limb length, foetal weight, total number of placentomes and placentome size and location in the uteri were taken. All placentae exhibited the typical characteristics of a cotyledonary with discrete areas of attachment between maternal and foetal tissues. Placentome counts ranged from 70 to 92 and 74 to 104 in sheep and goats, respectively. The average length of placentomes was 20.0±4.2 and 30.7±9.0 in sheep and goats, respectively. Placentomes from does in the present study were concave in shape and the majority were of type A. Regression analysis showed a statistically significant relationship between foetal age and placental size (r2=0.3245; p<0.001); between foetal age and foetal weight (r2=0.7364; p<0.001); and between foetal age and placental weight (r2=0.6458; p<0.01); but the number of placentomes insignificantly (P>0.01) varied with foetal age. In conclusion, this study has demonstrated that the Tanzanian sheep and goat placentae are cotyledonary – synepitheliochorial type having placentomes that tend to increase in size with gestation age in response to greater nutrient and or metabolic requirement of the growing foetus.Item Dynamics and driving forces of hides, skins, leather and leather goods production and trade in Tanzania(Tanzania Veterinary Journal) Mbassa, G.; Luziga, C.; Kilongozi, N.; Muyinga, E.Item Expression of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 2 alpha in mouse bronchiolar epithelial cells: anatomical and functional implications(Anatomy Journal of Africa) Luziga, C.Item Expression of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 2 alpha in mouse bronchiolar epithelial cells: anatomical and functional implications(Anatomy Journal of Africa, 2018-09-19) Luziga, C.The lung is one of the major sites of cathepsins (B, H, and L) expression where they are involved in several functions including degradation of extracellular matrix proteins, remodelling of the lung tissue and processing of the invariant chain of the MHC class II complex. Under pathological conditions, cathepsins have been observed in inflammation, tumour progression and metastasis. The enzymatic activity of cathepsins is regulated by changes in pH and their interaction with inhibitors. One of the potent and specific inhibitors of cathepsin L is the Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-2α (CTLA-2α) which was originally expressed in mouse activated T-cells and mast cells. However, the cellular localization and distribution pattern of CTLA-2α in the lung is not known. In this study, CTLA-2α expression in the lung was evaluated by immunofluorescence. Strong immunoreactivity was specifically detected in the bronchiolar epithelial cells of primary, secondary and terminal segments; moderate in the lymphoid nodules and scanty in the lung parenchyma. The distribution pattern implicates an important role of this inhibitor protein in relation to matrix remodelling, immune response and their relationship to lung development and diseases.Item Identification and characterization of the interactive proteins with cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-2αLuziga, C.; Yamamoto, Y.; Yamamoto, M.; Nga, B. T.; Kusakabe, K. T.Item Identification and characterization of the interactive proteins with cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-2α(2014-12-17) Luziga, C.; Yamamoto, Y.; Yamamoto, M.; Nga, B. T.; Kusakabe, K. T.Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-2α (CTLA-2α) is a potent inhibitor of cathepsin L-like cysteine proteases. Recombinant CTLA-2α is known to be a potent, competitive inhibitor of cathepsin L-like cysteine proteases. In this study, cathepsin L, cathepsin C, and tubulointerstitial nephritis antigen-related protein 1 (TINAGL1) were identified as novel interactive proteins of CTLA-2α by the yeast two-hybrid screening system. The direct interactions and colocalization of these proteins with CTLA-2α were confirmed using co-immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence staining, respectively. The disulfidebonded CTLA-2α/cathepsin L complex was isolated from mouse tissue. CTLA-2α was found to be specific and consistently expressed on the maternal side of the mouse placenta. Double immunofluorescence analysis showed that CTLA-2α was co-localized with cathepsin L, cathepsin C, and TINAGL1 in placenta. A simple cell-based fluorescence assay revealed that CTLA-2α exhibited inhibitory activity toward cathepsin C in live cells, which indicated that CTLA-2α is a novel endogenous inhibitor of cathepsin C.Item Immunoreactivity of Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Antigen 2 alpha in mouse pancreatic islet cells.(Anatomia Histologia and Embryologia) Luziga, C.Item Immunoreactivity of Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Antigen 2 alpha in mouse pancreatic islet cells.(Anatomia Histologia and Embryologia, 2020-01-01) Luziga, C.Cells of the pancreatic islets produce several molecules including insulin (beta cells), glucagon (alpha cells), somatostatin (delta cells), pancreatic polypeptide (PP cells), ghrelin (epsilon cells), serotonin (enterochromaffin cells), gastrin (G cells) and small granules of unknown content secreted by the P/D1 cells. Secretion mechanism of some of these molecules is still poorly understood. However, Cathepsin L is shown to regulate insulin exocytosis in beta cells and activate the trypsinogen produced by the pancreatic serous acini cells into trypsin. The structure of the propeptide region of Cathepsin L is homologous to Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-2 alpha (CTLA-2 alpha) which is also shown to exhibit selective inhibitory activities against Cathepsin L. It was thought that if CTLA-2 alpha was expressed in the pancreas; then, it would be an important regulator of protease activation and insulin secretion. The purpose of this study was, therefore, to examine by immunohistochemistry the cellular localization and distribution pattern of CTLA-2 alpha in the pancreas. Results showed that strong immunoreactivity was specifically detected in the pancreatic islets (endocrine pancreas) but not in the exocrine pancreas and pancreatic stroma. Immunostaining was further performed to investigate more on localization of Cathepsin L in the pancreas. Strong immunoreactivity for Cathepsin L was detected in the pancreatic islets, serous cells and the pancreas duct system. These findings suggest that CTLA-2 alpha may be involved in the proteolytic processing and secretion of insulin through regulation of Cathepsin L and that the regulated inhibition of Cathepsin L may have therapeutic potential for type 1 diabetes.Item Localization profile of cathepsin L in the brain of African giant rat (Cricestomys gambianus)Luziga, C.; Nga, B. T. T.; Kashoma, I.; Katakweba, A.; Yoshimi, Y.Item Localization profile of cathepsin L in the brain of African giant rat (Cricestomys gambianus)(2016) Luziga, C.; Nga, B. T. T.; Kashoma, I.; Katakweba, A.; Yoshimi, Y.Cathepsins, are members of the papain superfamily of mammalian lysosomal cysteine proteases. Among others there are two prominent members with broad substrate specificity, these are cathepsin B and cathepsin L that are known to be involved in the process of intra- and extra-cellular protein degradation and turnover. However, the in vivo targets of cathepsin L in nervous tissues are yet to be identified. We examined by immunofluorescence studies the distribution pattern of cathepsin L protein and determine the specific cell types synthesizing the enzyme in the brain of African giant rats (Cricetomys gambianus). Results showed that Cathepsin L protein was localized in various brain regions of the giant rats. In the telencephalon, immunoreactivity was identified in cerebral cortex and subcortical structures, hippocampus, amygdala and basal ganglia. Within the diencephalon high density of positive signals was observed in mediodorsal and lateral posterior thalamic nuclei and medial habenular nucleus. In the mesencephalon, cathepsin L was detected in the substantia nigra and cerebral peduncles. Strong labeling in the hypothalamus was present in the anterior commissure and median eminence while in the cerebellum cathepsin L was observed in the deep white matter, granule cell layer, stellate, and basket cells of cerebellar cortex and in the Purkinje neurons. The distribution pattern and functional implications of cathespin L in relation to spatial memory establishment, learning coordination and disease mechanisms is discussed.Item Molecular epidemiology of Theileria parva in Eastern Zone of Tanzania.(Tanzania Veterinary Journal) Rukambile, E.; Mbassa, G.; Luziga, C.; Mwajibage, L..; Magwisha, H.; Mamiro, K.; Makondo, Z.Item Molecular epidemiology of Theileria parva in Eastern Zone of Tanzania.(Tanzania Veterinary Journal, 2015-06-02) Rukambile, E.; Mbassa, G.; Luziga, C.; Mwajibage, L..; Magwisha, H.; Mamiro, K.; Makondo, Z.Theileria parva is a haemoprotozoan parasite that causes fatal lymphoproliferative disease of cattle, East Coast fever (ECF), transmitted by Rhipicephalus appendiculatus tick. There are many stocks of T. parva differing in various features. Immunity elicited by immunization is stock specific and therefore, it is appropriate to characterize T. parva to find most relevant stocks for inclusion in the vaccine. This study determined molecular epidemiology of T. parva parasite in Eastern Zone of Tanzania by conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and semi-nested PCR to amplify antigenic genes coding for sporozoite surface protein (p67) and piroplasm proteins (p104) respectively using DNA extracted from cattle blood samples naturally infected with T. parva. Restriction fragments length polymorphism (RFLP) profiles of p104 were generated by Arthrobacter luteus I (Alu I) restriction enzyme. Results demonstrated two types of p67 bands, 750 bp and 950 bp. Profiles for p104 PCR-RFLP revealed 5 types of stocks; the first and the second stocks produced PCR-RFLP profiles identical to T. parva Katete and T. parva Muguga. The p104 PCR-RFLP profiles of the rest three stocks were distinct novel variant stocks never reported in previous studies. The significance of the different p67 alleles and the novel variants stocks detected by p104 PCR-RFLP in the epidemiology of theileriosis in Eastern Zone of Tanzania and the key aspects for vaccine developement is discussed.Item Patterns and variations in morphology of glenoid cavity in mammals:Implications for locomotion efficiency(Tanzania Veterinary Journal) Luziga, C.; Wada, N.Item Patterns and variations in morphology of glenoid cavity in mammals:Implications for locomotion efficiency(Tanzania Veterinary Journal, 2019-02-01) Luziga, C.; Wada, N.The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the morphology and dimensions of glenoid cavity and examine their relationship with body size and locomotion efficiency. The study was performed on 356 glenoid cavities from 178 mammals, representatives of all major taxa from rodents, sirenians, marsupials, pilosa, cetaceans, carnivores, ungulates, primates and apes. Parameters measured included cranio-caudal and lateral-medial diameters and their ratios; areas of articular surfaces; glenoid cavity index; angles-alpha, -beta and -gamma and length of supraglenoid tubercle and coracoid process. Images were taken using computed tomographic (CT) scanning technology (CT-Aquarium, Toshiba and micro CT- LaTheta, Hotachi, Japan) and measurement values were acquired and processed using Avizo computer software and CanvasTM 11 ACD systems. Statistical analysis was performed using Microsoft Excel 2013. Results obtained showed that mammals exhibit various patterns in the morphology of glenoid cavities that may be associated with adaptation of the glenohumeral joint to robust mobility for locomotion. When the diameters of glenoid cavities were compared between groups of mammals, significant difference was observed in diameters of articular surfaces between rodents and ungulates (1.34±0.32); carnivores and primates (1.39±0.16); primates and rodents and carnivores (1.3±0.12) and between ungulate and carnivores, rodents and primates (1.19±0.18). The mean values of glenoid cavity index in ungulates were found to be lower (0.15±0.13) than those of carnivores (0.22±0.71) and apes (0.26±0.16), indicating that the depth of glenoid cavities of ungulates is shallow compared to those of carnivores and apes. The inclination of the scapula relative to the trunk was found to be tilted lateromedially in apes; mediolaterally in primates (monkeys); craniocaudally in carnivores; vertically in ungulates and cranially in diggers. Significantly, the angles were wider in apes but narrower in ungulates. The length of supraglenoid tubercle was long in ungulates but short in carnivores while the coracoids process was short in ungulates but long in primates and moderately in carnivores and other mammals. The morphological characteristics of the glenoid cavities and the functional interpretation of the parameters in mammals are discussed in detail.Item Potential role of Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Antigen 2 alpha in secretory activity of endocrine cells in mouse adenohyphphysis(Open Veterinary Journal.) Luziga, C.Item Predicting body weight of Tanzania shorthorn zebu cattle using heart girth measurements(Livestock Research for Rural Development) Kashoma, I.; Luziga, C.; Werema, C.; Shirima, G.; Ndossi, D.