This book chapter published by University of Technology Sydney ePress, 2021For the past decades, focus on attaining gender equality in science education has attracted a lot of attention. Governments and international community believe that girls’/women’s science education is a worthwhile investment; it has many direct effects on economic growth and human welfare. In this chapter, we discuss this view as a tool for development as well as the moral aspect of creating equality. We focus on what practically is being done to promote girls’/women’s science education and why their participation continues to be low despite many efforts and heavy investment