Sokoine University

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    3rd SUA Scientific Conference Abstracts 23rd – 24th May 2023, Edward Moringe Campus
    (Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2023) DPRTC
    Sokoine University of Agriculture and her collaborators are committed to contribute to sustainable development to attain Tanzania National Development Priorities and Sustainable Development Goals through provision of quality Research, Out- reach and Consultancy services. Researchers and collaborators of SUA conduct various applied research activities to address challenges in agricultural productivity in crops and livestock, livestock and human health, socio-economic dynamics, climate change, natural resources management, education and environmental conservation. To commem- orate, celebrate and honour the life and legacy of the late Hon. Edward Moringe Sokoine (former Prime Minister of the United Republic of Tanzania), SUA wishes to share the generated knowledge, innovations, solutions, and findings to the national and international scientific community. In this spirit, SUA will hold the 3rd SUA Scientific Conference with the Theme “ENABLING ENVIRONMENT IN AGRICULTURAL TRANSFORMATION” within the Sokoine Memorial Week. The goal of the conference is to bring up scientific arguments and solutions to agricultural transformation by demon- strating enabling environment that encompasses factors that have a positive influence but are controlled by scien- tific evi- dence and policy domains for youth and other stakeholders’ engagement in the agricultural value chain. Today’s agriculture routinely uses sophisticated technologies and tools such as robots, temperature and moisture sensors, aerial images, artificial intelligence, Internet of Things, GPS technology etc. These advanced technologies and tools as well as precision agriculture and robotic systems allow businesses to be more profitable, efficient, safer, and more environmen- tally friendly. The policy domain fosters collaboration between the public and private sectors, and builds social capital.
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    5G network slicing using SDN and NFV: A survey of taxonomy, architectures and future challenges
    (Elsevier) Barakabitze, Alcardo Alex; Ahmad, Arslan; Mijumbi, Rashid; Hines, Andrew
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    5G network slicing using SDN and NFV: A survey of taxonomy, architectures and future challenges
    (Elsevier, 2019-11) Barakabitze, Alcardo Alex; Ahmad, Arslan; Mijumbi, Rashid; Hines, Andrew
    The increasing consumption of multimedia services and the demand of high-quality services from cus- tomers has triggered a fundamental change in how we administer networks in terms of abstraction, sep- aration, and mapping of forwarding, control and management aspects of services. The industry and the academia are embracing 5G as the future network capable to support next generation vertical appli- cations with different service requirements. To realize this vision in 5G network, the physical network has to be sliced into multiple isolated logical networks of varying sizes and structures which are ded- icated to different types of services based on their requirements with different characteristics and re- quirements (e.g., a slice for massive IoT devices, smartphones or autonomous cars, etc.). Softwarization using Software-Defined Networking (SDN) and Network Function Virtualization (NFV)in 5G networks are expected to fill the void of programmable control and management of network resources. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive review and updated solutions related to 5G network slicing us- ing SDN and NFV. Firstly, we present 5G service quality and business requirements followed by a descrip- tion of 5G network softwarization and slicing paradigms including essential concepts, history and differ- ent use cases. Secondly, we provide a tutorial of 5G network slicing technology enablers including SDN, NFV, MEC, cloud/Fog computing, network hypervisors, virtual machines & containers. Thidly, we compre- hensively survey different industrial initiatives and projects that are pushing forward the adoption of SDN and NFV in accelerating 5G network slicing. A comparison of various 5G architectural approaches in terms of practical implementations, technology adoptions and deployment strategies is presented. Moreover, we provide a discussion on various open source orchestrators and proof of concepts representing industrial contribution. The work also investigates the standardization efforts in 5G networks regarding network slicing and softwarization. Additionally, the article presents the management and orchestration of net- work slices in a single domain followed by a comprehensive survey of management and orchestration approaches in 5G network slicing across multiple domains while supporting multiple tenants. Further- more, we highlight the future challenges and research directions regarding network softwarization and slicing using SDN and NFV in 5G networks.
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    A ‘‘One Health’’ approach to address emerging zoonoses: The HALI project in Tanzania
    (PLoS Medicine) Mazet, J. A. K.; Clifford, D. L.; Coppolillo, B. P.; Deolalikar, A. B.; Erickson, J. D.; Kazwala, R. R.
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    A ‘‘One Health’’ approach to address emerging zoonoses: The HALI project in Tanzania
    (PLoS Medicine, 2009-12) Mazet, J. A. K.; Clifford, D. L.; Coppolillo, B. P.; Deolalikar, A. B.; Erickson, J. D.; Kazwala, R. R.
    Every day thousands of children and adults die from underdiagnosed diseases that have arisen at the human–animal– environment interface, especially diarrheal and respiratory diseases in developing countries [1,2]. Explosive human population growth and environmental changes have resulted in increased numbers of people living in close contact with wild and domestic animals. Unfortunately, this increased contact together with changes in land use, including livestock grazing and crop production, have altered the inherent ecological balance between pathogens and their human and animal hosts. In fact, zoonotic pathogens, such as influenza and SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome), account for the majority of emerging infectious diseases in people [3], and more than three-quarters of emerging zoonoses are the result of wildlife-origin pathogens [4]. While zoonoses represent a significant emerging threat to public health, many of these diseases, such as diarrheal diseases arising from poor water sanitation, are neglected by funding agencies [5].
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    A ‘Smart’ approach on fluoride removal: detection in water sources and removal with biomass
    (Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2020-01) Mwakabona, Hezron
    Fluoride is one of the common minerals found in natural water, ingestion of which, at moderate concentration, is linked to good dental health. However, ingestion of higher concentrations of this mineral over a period is responsible for fluorosis, a disorder characterised by mottling of teeth and skeletal deformations. Therefore, the WHO sets the highest permissible level of this mineral in drinking water at 1.5 mg/L to limit its effect on public health. Consequently, a water source with fluoride concentration above this highest permissible level is regarded as unfit for human consumption, hence, requiring a treatment before consumption. As such, several studies have explored different low-cost methods to detect and remove this contaminant from drinking water. These include defluoridation and detection of fluoride by plant biomass and iron-based materials, respectively. These materials arc attractive because they have a potential for providing efficacious and cost-effective methods to deal with this water contaminant. In this thesis, the challenges delaying their field application (in detection and removal) of fluoride arc identified and suitable solutions are presented. Furthermore, the properties of iron that make it suitable for fluoride detection and removal enhancement in aqueous media arc presented. A critical review of the studies published over the past three decades on water defluoridation by non-aciivated biomass reveals that, most studies explorc extensively only the defluoridation efficiency/capacily ofthese materials. This bias in studied properties is shown to be due to inadequacy in selection of study parameters, where, the defluoridation mechanisms are poorly studied. This could have resulted in the current poor understanding of their defluoridation mechanisms. Therefore, lessons from these studies were used to identify and propose the “must include” parameters to direct the future studies for better understanding of their defluoridation properties, especially, the defluoridation mechanisms. These are: effect of solution pH, point of zero charge and surface functional groups characterisation before and after material use. For plant biomass ash, the major challenge associated with its application in water defluoridation was found to be related to media-induced contamination of the treated water, notorious being the elevation of the pH of the treated water. This challenge could have repelled many possible applications of this material in water treatment besides its great potentials as water treatment material. In this study, the Cyperus plants were successfully
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    A 12- year retrospective study on pattern and relative frequency of preventable canine diseases in Morogoro
    (Tanzania Veterinary Journal, 2018) Raymond, R.; Matondo, A. B.
    A retrospective study was undertaken to determine the occurrence and relative frequency of canine cases admitted at the University Animal Hospital located at Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA). The study involved examination of canine cases recorded for the past 12 years starting from 2005 to 2016. A total of 2,288 canine cases were evaluated and grouped based on disease condition matching with the hospital records. The top five most frequently admitted cases were found to be worm infestation (19%), parvo viral diarrhoea (15%), wound (13%), canine distemper (7.7%) and bacterial diarrhoea (7.6%). Worm infestation showed a high and steady occurrence; parvo viral diarrhoea and canine distemper cases were on the increasing trend whereas rabies and canine transmissible venereal tumour were on the decreasing trend. Interestingly, majority of cases reported were those which can be prevented through adequate veterinary care such as vaccination, routine deworming, and sanitation. The findings in this study call for further follow-up studies and re-assessment of the current strategies used in disease control in order to have a comprehensive understanding in the existing gaps which limit progress in the control of some diseases identified in this study.
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    A bibliometric analysis of the Tanzania journal of agricultural science (1998-2017)
    (Libraries at University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 2019) Chirwa, Mussa Ndambile; Mnzava, Ester
    The term bibliometrics was first coined by Pritchard in 1969. From there on different people defined and interpreted bibliometrics in various ways. For instance, British Standards Institution, (1976) define bibliometrics as the use of mathematical and statistical methods to study documents and patterns of publication. One year later Hawkins (1977) interpreted bibliometrics to mean the “quantitative analysis of the bibliographic features of a body of literature”. Historically, the term “librametry” was firstly used as coined by S.R. Ranganathan to refer quantitative study of librarianship. Bibliometrics is analogous to Ranganathan’s librametrics and the Russian concept scientometrics (Thanuskodi, 2010).
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    A comparative analysis of job design characteristics, organizational structure and personal characteristics affecting job satisfaction of extension agents In two extension organizations in Tanzania.
    (Sokoine University of Agriculture, 1990) Mollel, Naftali Medoti
    The present study was designed to compare two extension organizations in Tanzania: Commodity extension and General extension. Comparisons were made at three levels. First, to determine whether the two organizations differ in levels of job satisfaction; second, to determine whether the two organizations also differ in organizational structure, job design characteristics and personal characteristics of extension agents; and third, to determine whether the independent variables could explain the differences in levels of job satisfaction between the two extension organizations. Data were collected through a questionnaire distributed to extension agents during their monthly meetings. Data for the study came from 120 General extension agents and 64 Commodity extension agents. Additional information was obtained through personal and group interviews and analysis of documents. The major findings of the study are as follows: 1. Both at the individual and organizational level of analysis Commodity extension had significantly higher scores on satisfaction with supervision and satisfaction with promotion. 2. Differences in satisfaction with supervision could be explained by differences in formalization, autonomy and feedback. 3. Differences in satisfaction with promotion could be explained by differences in formalization and years of agricultural training. From these findings the following recommendations are suggested: 1. To enhance satisfaction with supervision extension organizations should develop effective communication channels to increase extension agents’ awareness of rules and procedures governing their jobs. Further, tasks and activities performed by extension agents should be structured to provide autonomy and feedback. 2. Satisfaction with promotion can be increased by developing programs to increase extension agents knowledge of the rules, procedures and communications governing their work and the organization and by developing a promotion policy that takes into account individual levels of agricultural training.
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    A comparative analysis of levels of vulnerability of livelihood assets to gas extraction operations: evidence from Mtwara rural district, Tanzania
    (Tanzania Journal of Community Development, 2023-05-07) Musoma, Beston M.; Nyanda, Suzana S.; Muhanga, Mikidadi I.; Massawe, Fatihiya A.
    Extractive investments adversely affect local communities across the globe. Tanzania experiences new gas extraction operations (GEO) but with scanty information on how they influence the levels of vulnerability of livelihood assets among rural communities. As such, there is a need to empirically understand wplaces are more vulnerable than others so that livelihood enhancement actions can be performed following gas extraction operations. This article examined the levels of vulnerability of livelihood assets among communities residing near and distant villages to gas extractive fields and processing plants. A cross-sectional research design was employed, and 260 respondents were sampled proportionally from village registers. The sample was complemented with 15 key informant Interviews (KII) and four focus group discussions (FGDs). A comparative analysis was performed using Livelihood Vulnerability Index (LVI). The results revealed that distant villages had the highest level of food accessibility and water accessibility. Also, neighbouring villages have the highest level of vulnerability on land ownership. Likewise, nearby villages had a moderate level of exposure to livelihood strategies and gas extraction activities. To conclude, distant villages had a higher level of vulnerability to food access, water access, and socio-demographic profile components. Whereas nearby villages had the highest level of vulnerability on land ownership and gas extraction operation components. Therefore, to lessen the food vulnerability among households, the government and donors should prioritize income generating and food security programmes among households.
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    A comparative analysis of RIPAT and other selected participatory rural development approaches used in Tanzania.
    (Mkuki na Nyota, 2023) Madaha, Rasel; Martin, R.; Mwakatoga, J.
    Influenced by the African socialism philosophy of the late Julius Nyerere and the participant research practices of Marja Liisa Swantz, Tanzania is one of the pioneers of participatory action research in the world. Within the mentioned milieu, participatory approaches have become widespread. The approaches are geared at enabling rural communities to address their challenges through participatory approaches. This book chapter focuses on a comparative analysis of locally improved rural development approaches that have been developed and improved in the Tanzanian context. Using primary and secondary data from some Tanzanian rural interventions by Uluguru Mountains Agricultural Development Project (process approach) and World Vision Tanzania (ADP approach), the chapter focuses on a comparative analysis of the mentioned strategies and RIPAT (Rural Initiatives for Participatory Agricultural Transformation) to shed some light on rural development efforts in the Tanzanian context. The process approach involves participatory endogenous processes of development that start with the recognition of the local capacities of the people. The ADP (Area Development Programmes) approach is a participatory approach that seeks to induce communities with capabilities to undertake appropriate actions to accomplish economic and social progress. More recently, World Vision Tanzania (WVT) reframed the acronym ADP by calling it Tanzania Empowerment ADP Model (TEAM). RIPAT is a participatory extension approach that transfers a ‘basket’ of agricultural technology options, including various crops and livestock, to groups of 25 to 30 smallholder farmers in a way that allows for joint, experiential, and participatory learning. In 2017 Research, Community and Organisational Development Associates (RECODA) entered a two year contract with WVT of co-owning the approach; the agreement ended in 2019. The engagement allowed World Vision Tanzania to use the RIPAT approach in ADPs. All in all, some literature suggests that participatory approaches fail to empower people in real life situation. In this regard and drawing from the participatory theory and practice, the chapter assesses the sustainability of the approaches.
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    A comparative analysis on the quality of primary education in schools under public private partnership model in Kilimanjaro region, Tanzania
    (THE IJHSS, 2018) Paul, Paulin; Kayunze, Kim A.
    The Government of Tanzania started using the Public-Private-Partnership (PPP) model for provision of education services from the late 1970s, and in the mid of 1990s there was an increased participation of private partners in the provision of such services at all levels. Therefore, it was anticipated that the quality of education would have improved substantially in terms of teaching and learning (T/L) infrastructure, T/L materials and pupils’ academic performance in national examinations. However, the quality of primary education in schools under PPP is not scientifically known. Therefore, the research on which this paper is based, among other things, identified and PPP schools and private primary schools in Kilimanjaro Region as a case study in Tanzania. Data were collected by using a questionnaire which included an index summated scale, an FGD guide and a key informant interview guide. Observation method was also employed in collecting data. A total of 240 pupils and 60 teachers were selected. The results showed that public schools not under PPP had more insufficiency of school T/L infrastructure and T/L materials compared to their counterpart public schools under PPP and private schools, the highest quality being in private schools. Since school infrastructures and T/L materials were indicators of quality education, it is concluded that the quality of education in PPP schools was intermediate while the quality was the best and poorest in private and public schools respectively. It is also concluded that inadequate school infrastructure and T/L materials is associated with ineffective teaching and learning process for teachers and pupils in classroom hence poor quality of education. Also, schools with PPP interventions have a better chance of improving the quality of education compared to schools without PPP. It is recommended that the Education Department in Kilimanjaro Region should administer and put in practice an education policy that requires every pupil and every school to be sufficiently provided with required number of school T/L infrastructure and T/L materials. This will be possible if local authorities of the studied districts will team up and collaborate closely with private educational partners.
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    A comparative assessment of performance of private and cooperative institutional arrangements of irrigation schemes: case study of Mbarali district, Tanzania
    (Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2015) Sirikwa, Fanuel Isaya
    The study to compare performance of private and cooperative institutional arrangements of irrigation schemes was conducted in Mbarali District. Two irrigation schemes; Igomero cooperative institution scheme and Mbarali Estate private institution scheme were compared. The study was directed by a hypothesis that there is no difference in performance of irrigation schemes under each institutional arrangement. Both primary and secondary data were collected and then analysed using regression, gross margin and returns on investments to establishing if there is any significance difference between the two institutional arrangements. Scheme performance was captured based on physical, institutional and economic ratio factors. Statistical results showed that there were significant performance differences between private and cooperative irrigation schemes based on factors mentioned above. Overall the performance of cooperative irrigation scheme was found better by scoring 84.11% as compared to privately managed irrigation scheme which scored 78.45%. In physical factors, private company scored 36.11% compared to cooperative scheme scored 33.69%. In economic factors cooperative scheme scored 37.28% while private scheme scored 30.13% and in institutional factors cooperative irrigation scheme performed better by scoring 8.64% while private scheme scored 7.64%. Based on the findings of this study, the following is recommended: irrigators from private irrigation scheme should form organisation which will present their need to the management, irrigators are also to be allowed to plant their crops early so as to fetch better prices in early season contrary the current prevailing bylaw of waiting the investor to plant first. Cooperative scheme should find better ways to collect revenues from farmers on time hence sustainability of their scheme and finally all irrigation schemes should employ extension workers.
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    A comparative economic analysis of tobacco and groundnut farming: a case study of Urambo district, Tabora region
    (Sokoine University Of Agriculture., 2010) Kuboja, Nicholaus Musimu
    Tobacco farming is well established as the traditional cash crop in Tabora region. However, in recent years, groundnut is one among the cash crops which have been introduced in the area as an alternative source of income for smallholder farmers. Using 2007/2008 cropping season survey and the data from 121 randomly selected smallholder farmers from three villages, this study provides a comparative economic analysis for tobacco and groundnut farming systems. The analysis of quantitative and qualitative data from the survey was done by using Cobb-Douglas production function, gross margin analysis, independent sample t-test, and descriptive statistics such as frequency and multiple responses. The results of the study indicate that gross margin per acre for groundnut was lower than that of tobacco by 569 231.90 Tshs. Gross margins and household’s income contribution by the two crops were tested using independent t-test, and revealed a significant difference with the P-value of < 0.007 and P-value <0.000 respectively. Cob-Douglas production function for tobacco and groundnut which was analysed using OLS regression method to estimate the responsiveness of output to inputs revealed that the constant value of groundnut (4.577) is bigger than that of tobacco (4.355), implying that groundnut farmers are more technically efficient than their tobacco counterparts.. As for groundnut, 1% increase in hired labour was associated with 0.392% increase in output while a similar increase in hired labour in tobacco was associated with a decrease of 0.21% in output. This suggests that farmers could be advised to allocate more hired labour in groundnut production than in tobacco production. Unlike in tobacco production, a 1% increase in seed was associated with a decrease of 0.138% in groundnut output. Given the extensive production and marketing constraints, the following policy recommendations are put forward; implementing a sustainable and strong input distribution system and the need of putting in place marketing programs that would support groundnut crop intensification activities.
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